Sr.Pablo free essay sample

Dell’s Working Capital B. B. Chakrabarti Professor of Finance IIM Calcutta The Questions ? How was Dell’s working capital policy a competitive advantage? ? How did Dell fund its 52% growth in 1996? The Questions ? Assuming Dell sales will grow 50% in 1997, how might the company fund this growth internally? How much would working capital need to be reduced and / or profit margin increased? What steps do you recommend the company take? How would your answer to the above question change if Dell also repurchased $500 million of common stock in 1997 and repaid the long-term debt? ? Dell’s Competitive Advantage 1) Conservation of capital due to lower inventory holding Compaq Dell DSI in 95 73 32 Cost of sales of Dell in 95 = $2737 mn. (Ex. 4) Additional inventory at Compaq’s DSI = $2737 * (73-32) / 360 = $312 million Dell’s Competitive Advantage 2) Reduced obsolescence risk and lower inventory cost ? Component cost can reduce by 30% a year as new technology is introduced. ? Inventory as % of COS – Dell (8. We will write a custom essay sample on Sr.Pablo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9%) and Compaq (20. 3%) ? Inventory loss due to 30% reduction in price – Dell (2. 7%) and Compaq (6. 1% of COS) ? Comparative increase in profit in Dell in 96 = $2. billion *(6. 1%-2. 7%) = $93 million Dell’s Competitive Advantage 3) Quicker adoption of new technology ? Dell’s low inventory levels resulted in fewer obsolete components as technology changed. ? While Compaq had to market both new and older systems due to high levels of inventory, Dell could offer new and faster systems quickly due to low inventory and build-to-order models. Funding 52% Growth in 1996 Facts to consider ? 95- Total assets = 46% of sales ? 95- ST investments = 14% of sales ? 95- Operating assets = 32% of sales ? 95- Net profit = 4. 3% of sales ? 6- Dell would require 32% of increased sales in operating assets i. e. $(5296-3475)*32% = $582 million. Funding 52% Growth in 1996 Facts to consider ? 96- All assets excepting ST investments will grow at 52% over 95 figures ? 96- Assumed tha t the liabilities will also proportionally increase. ? 96- Need additional $582 million assets Funding 52% Growth in 1996 Facts to consider ? 96- Sources of funds: Increase in liabilities = $494 million Operational profit = $5296*4. 3% = $ 227 million ST investments = $484 million ? Enough available money for internal funding How Dell Funded 1996 Growth? Facts ? Higher asset efficiency Reduced cash, receivables, inventory and other current assets Needed addl. $447 million of operating assets How Dell Funded 1996 Growth? Facts ? Sources of funds Increase in current liabilities = $187 million Net Profit = $272 million How Dell Performed in 1996? ? Dell introduced Pentium technology. ? Unit sales grew by 48%. ? Average unit revenue grew by 3%. ? Gross margin declined by 1% due to aggressive pricing strategies and account mix shift. ? Net margin improved from 4. 3% to 5. 1% ? Common stock was issued to Funding 50% Growth in 1997 Facts to consider ? 96- Operating assets = 30% of sales ? 96- Net profit = 5. 1% of sales ? 97- Dell would require 30% of increased sales in operating assets i. e. $(2336-1557) = $779 million. Funding 50% Growth in 1997 Facts to consider ? 97- Increase in liabilities = $588 million ? 97- Net profit = 5. 1% of $5296*1. 5 = $405 million ? ST investments = $591 million av. ? So, internally growth can be funded. 97 with Repayment of LT Debt and Repurchase of $500 mn. Of Equity ? Funds needed = $984 million ? Sources of Funds: 1% increase in margin = $79 million ST investments = $591 million av. Also, negative cash conversion cycle can do ( 97- Avg. daily sales = 96 sales*1. 5/360 = $22. 1 mn. and Avg. daily COS = 79. 8% of sales as in 96 = $17. 6 mn. i. e. 44 days of sales or 65 days of COS. 96- CCC = 40 days) 97- Actual Cash Conversion Cycle QTR. 4 1996 Qtr. 4 1997 DSI DSO DPO CCC 31 42 33 40 13 37 54 -4 Diff. -18 -5 +21 -44 CCC = DSI + DSO -DPO Savings from WC Improvements Annual sa vings from: Reduced inventory = 18*17. 6 = $317 mn. Reduced Receivables = 5*22. 1=$110 mn. Increased Payables =21* 17. 6=$ 370 mn. Total savings = $797 mn. Actual 1997 ? Sales grew by 47%. CCC became – 44. ? Profit margin increased to 6. 6% from 5. 1%. ? Component prices decreased. Advantage over competitors. ? Dell applied JIT philosophy. Actual 1997 ? Operating assets increased by $199 million only. ? Total liabilities increased by $733 million even after repayment of LT debt. ? Dell obtained $279 million from put options. ? About $500 million equity repurchased. ? ST investments increased by $646 Actual 1997 Dell funded 1997 growth internally, repaid long-term debt and repurchased about $500 million in equity through a combination of working capital and margin improvements.

Free Essays on Animal Testing

Using animals for testing is wrong and should be banned. They have rights just as we do. Twenty-four hours a day humans are using defenseless animals for cruel and most often useless tests. The animals have no way of fighting back. This is why there should be new laws to protect them. These legislations also need to be enforced more regularly. Too many criminals get away with murder. Although most labs are run by private companies, often experiments are conducted by public organizations. The US government, Army and Air force in particular, has designed and carried out many animal experiments. The purposed experiments were engineered so that many animals would suffer and die without any certainty that this suffering and death would save a single life, or benefit humans in anyway at all; but the same can be said for tens of thousands of other experiments performed in the US each year. Limiting it to just experiments done on beagles, the following might sock most people: For instance, at the Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, experimenters forced sixty-four beagles to inhale radioactive Strontium 90 as part of a larger ^Fission Product Inhalation Program^ which began in 1961 and has been paid for by the US Atomic Energy Commission. In this experiment Twenty-five of the dogs eventually died. One of the deaths occurred during an epileptic seizure; another from a brain hemorrhage. Other dogs, before death, became feverish and anemic, lost their appetites, and had hemorrhages. The experimenters in their published report, compared their results with that of other experiments conducted at the University of Utah and the Argonne National Laboratory in which beagles were injected with Strontium 90. They concluded that the dose needed to produce ^early death^ in fifty percent of the sample group differed from test to test because the dogs injected with Strontium 90 retain more of the radio... Free Essays on Animal Testing Free Essays on Animal Testing Using animals for testing is wrong and should be banned. They have rights just as we do. Twenty-four hours a day humans are using defenseless animals for cruel and most often useless tests. The animals have no way of fighting back. This is why there should be new laws to protect them. These legislations also need to be enforced more regularly. Too many criminals get away with murder. Although most labs are run by private companies, often experiments are conducted by public organizations. The US government, Army and Air force in particular, has designed and carried out many animal experiments. The purposed experiments were engineered so that many animals would suffer and die without any certainty that this suffering and death would save a single life, or benefit humans in anyway at all; but the same can be said for tens of thousands of other experiments performed in the US each year. Limiting it to just experiments done on beagles, the following might sock most people: For instance, at the Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, experimenters forced sixty-four beagles to inhale radioactive Strontium 90 as part of a larger ^Fission Product Inhalation Program^ which began in 1961 and has been paid for by the US Atomic Energy Commission. In this experiment Twenty-five of the dogs eventually died. One of the deaths occurred during an epileptic seizure; another from a brain hemorrhage. Other dogs, before death, became feverish and anemic, lost their appetites, and had hemorrhages. The experimenters in their published report, compared their results with that of other experiments conducted at the University of Utah and the Argonne National Laboratory in which beagles were injected with Strontium 90. They concluded that the dose needed to produce ^early death^ in fifty percent of the sample group differed from test to test because the dogs injected with Strontium 90 retain more of the radio...

Soap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soap - Essay Example A particular symptom of GERD is heartburn. Other indications involve regurgitation, epigastric pain, hoarseness, wheezing, and coughing. *taken from Chandrasoma & DeMeester, 2006 Pathophysiology of HTN As indicated by pathophysiology of hypertension (HTN) research, high blood pressure could be categorized as either essential or secondary. The former, essential hypertension is a pressure increase because of unidentified clinical causes. While, secondary hypertension is a pressure increase because of some other primary health illnesses such as kidney problems, tumors, diabetes, etc. Chronic hypertension can lead to stroke, heart failure, heart diseases, heart attack, and other illnesses. *taken from Izzo, Sica & Black, 2007 Pathophysiology of DM The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is connected to insulin, which is a hormone produced by the pancreas’s beta cells. This hormone is in charge of sustaining glucose amount in the blood. It enables the cells to utilize glucose as t he primary source of energy. Yet, in a person suffering from diabetes, because of anomalous insulin metabolism, the body tissues and cells do not utilize glucose from the blood, leading to an increased glucose level in the blood or also called ‘hyperglycemia’. ... If a person has a low BMD, s/he has osteopenia. Developing osteopenia implies there is a higher risk that, over time, a person could have BMD that is quite lower than normal, referred to as ‘osteoporosis’. *taken from McIlwain, Cruse, Bruce, & McIlwain, 2004 Application of Advanced Nursing Practice Framework Three distinct methods of abdominal pain assessment may be determined from the evaluation, which are (1) the appearance of the patient (dependence on observation), (2) the gestures and statements of the patient (dependence on the expressions of the patient), and (3) the normal condition (dependence on typology). In evaluating the postoperative pain of the patient, the nurse should depend on one of these three methods to get attain the level and quality of the abdominal pain of the patient during assessment. When the nurse depends on ‘the appearance of the patient’ or observation, s/he will make use of information gathered concerning objective facts such as posture or movements, skin color, vital signs to get to abdominal pain assessment. In contrast, when the nurse depends on ‘the gestures and statements of the patient’ or expressions, the nurse will have to regard the patient’s statement and gesture as the appropriate information for the type and level of abdominal pain the patient is experiencing. The nurse depending on ‘the normal condition’ or typology should pay attention to the conditions and characteristics of diagnostic or special tests, the time since examination, or the characteristics of the patient like sex, age, etc. in identifying the kind of pain felt by the patient. *taken from Whyte, 1997 Application of Family Stress Theory Family stress theory offers a

Proposal purpose and hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal purpose and hypothesis - Essay Example Their costs are relatively afforded. Besides, the quality of such facilities in health care provision is laudable. This comes from the attention and close interaction that patients have. This is according to assertions fronted by Caruson and MacManus in 2007. Surgeon (2006) also highlights the benefit of the facilities in providing health care reforms. The medication provided by the care centers is incomparable to conventional ways. These are according to O’Carroll (2002). The rationale behind the study is that Patient Center Medical Homes is that it offers a quality and a less costly form of health care. In doing this, the facilities used must conform to the unique requirements of the patients admitted in such centers (Miller & Moore, 1999). Health care is a mundane aspect of human existence. It is through it that humanity seeks to address the health care problems that it faces. Over the years, humanity has sought advanced ways of handling its social as well as health issues. The advent of PCMH provides a suitable way of addressing the needs of individuals. Besides, it has a unique aspect since every patient is accorded special attention. Besides, it is cheap and costly. This is what forms the rationale behind the study. The following study would be a qualitative one. The frequency of medical conditions warranting care in such facilities will be the dependent variable in the study (Chatterjee & Hevner, 2010). The time taken by patients at the facility will be the independent variable. Caruson, K., & MacManus, S.S. (2007). Protecting vulnerable populations: local government   interactions with public & private agencies serving immobile citizens. Paper presented   at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, IL.  Chatterjee, S., & Hevner, A. (2010). Design Research in Information Systems: Theory and Practice. Berlin: Springer US. Spurgeon, K.,

Nursing Schizophernia in the UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Nursing Schizophernia in the UK - Assignment Example The key concept related to the two main parts of nursing I. e. Health promotion and disease prevention are individual care, promoting independence, self dependent and lifespan approach. The main questions related to nursing are how one individual does work; how to protect the health of the patients. Kulbok et.al. (2012) in their article mentioned the unique knowledge that a nurse needed to perform the work in the public health sector, community and also the importance of a good partnership the needed to effect care and treatment. Their article enlightened the historical perspective of both public health and community care from â€Å"sanitation and an infection control perspective toward challenging resources for the poor and underserved and now to its continued emphasis on participatory partnerships for effective intervention.†( Kulbok et.al, 2012). According to Burggarf (2012) transition in a core concept always play a major role and nurses are the integral part of it. Accord ing to him it is a passage between two relatively stable period of time with older patients diagnosed with dementia. Nurses play an important role in this phase to keep them mentally fit and healthy. In his article he also discussed about a patient navigation model for chronic disease which encapsulated into transformation for the health conceptual framework. This model was designed keeping in mind the behavioral changes and the concept of this model was based on the direct relationship between a patient and nurse. According to hi patient navigation , which was originally conceptualized on oncology , played a great role in the wider health care field including treatment of severe chronic diseases. (Burggarf, 2012) 2. Case study : Role of Nursing in Treatment of... Following is a summery of a case study   which is a clear indication about the fact that nurses are an integral part of the curative process for any person who is suffering from a chronic disease. Terry is a 26-year-old single female. She was a high school graduate and completed 1 year of college. She was born and bought up upper-middle-class family where academic and career success were extremely important as was their conservative Christian faith.   Terry was a good   hard working and self critical. After graduation,   Terry went out of state to college. In the first year of college, she received passing grades   but began to experience auditory hallucinations and delusions. She started to act in bizarrely and withdrew from people. At 18, she was hospitalized   1 month and dropped out of college. In the last   7 years was   hospitalized 12 tunes. There was no history of psychiatric illness in the family. Terry was discharged from a psychiatric hospital after 2 month s of inpatient treatment. Her diagnosis was schizophrenia, undifferentiated type, chronic. Her GAF at discharge was 30. She lived with her parents and was on SSI. Terry was referred by her nurse for ongoing psychotherapy as part of her discharge plan to help her adapt to the demands of community living and manage her illness. During her illness she was facing   auditory persecutory hallucinations and delusions as well as frequent cognitions such as "I'm no good,"I can't do anything." Behaviourally she was inactive, unable to work or live independently.

HRM Department of British Airways (BA)

HRM Department of British Airways (BA) The following paper seeks to identify the human resource management department of the British Air ways. It shows the key HR activities of the British airways with reference to the two models of human resource. Moreover, it also evaluates and analyses the various HR planning and development programs implemented by the British airways. Finally the paper concludes by highlighting how the human resource is indicated and monitored. The report based on a case study and the majority of the information is taken from the case study. SUMMARY In 19th century British Airways is the worlds largest international airline and one of the most successful organizations in the airline business. British Airways (BA) was created by the merger between BOAC and BEA in 1974. BA was not always been quite much successful. The company was going in loss and BA had serious difficulties retaining customers in a competitive international airline industry. In 1980 BA recorded significant losses and there was not much profit to meet the running expenses of the organization. As a matter of fact British Airways delayered their bureaucratic management staffs that were mostly Air force retired officers and replaced them by managers having experience in the service industry. For the achievement of success BA launched many programmes to come out of the organisations loss which changes the culture and environment of the company. These programmes were successful and many customers were attracted towards the airline, which resulted British Airways one o f the worlds leading airline. HRM ACTIVITIES Although the British airways are seen to have implemented numerous strategies to allow human resource development the following are the three key areas where development is most significantly seen. Training and development Reward management Performance appraisal TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT British Airways has decided a significant investment in training and development that would improve the organization image of Helpfulness. On the basis of research BA found out that customer are satisfied and dissatisfied with friendly and unfriendly, caring and uncaring behavior of staff. As a result of these research findings, BA faced the task of designing and facilitating a training programme that would enable a total change in values and attitudes across the organization, particularly for staff that were exposed to customer contact. BA arranges several training and development programme for both new and old staff. These programme made much change in the behavior of the staff and due to which many customers were attracted towards this airline. British Airline recruited more staff, provide training to the new and developed the old staff for their excellent customer service. it can be clearly identifies that implementing these training programs prove to be highly essential for the organization to attain this objective of increasing the goodwill that the British airways had from the side of the customers. These programs also prove important to improve the revenue and sought to reduce the overall cost that the organization had. (Dessler, 2008) However, at the same time it is also important to note the fact that the success that British airline was not only and solely due to an increasing employee training but there were several other factors which were also important and contributed to the increasing revenue levels. One of the factors included improved legal and government conditions along with technological changes.BA has encouraged individual learning by providing wide employee access to two major learning programs. The first program is based upon principles of open learning; it can finally lead to an MBA and provides a number of progressive stages and qualifications. The completion of each stage gives access to the next qualification. The MBA awarded by the University of Bath. The second program Top Flight provides a series of Academies which are a number of development steps, designed to allow an individual to progress to an executive position. REWARD MANAGEMENT British Airline was motivating people with good remuneration package and rewards. They moving towards individually determined remuneration as well as both intrinsic and extrinsic benefits. They were giving standardized pay and also individual performance pay. The main proportion of salaried staff earnings is based upon pay rates which are governed by a job evaluation grading system. There is also a company -wide performance related bonus scheme paid to all employees and there have been offers of free and discounted shares. BA has also introduced an opportunity for all employees to purchase tax free shares through a trust using their company performance bonus. BA pays standardized salary as well as individual performance pay. They know that if employees are satisfied they will give the best effort for the company success; employees are start thinking that they are the part of company. So, it is clear that through the training Development programme and good remuneration packages staffs provide the high quality customer services and would be more committed to the company. Employees are more committed toward company for their remuneration package and rewards. And they go ahead to achieve the organization goal. PERFORMANCE APPARASIAL Performance appraisal measures the qualitative and quantitative aspects of job performance. An appraisal evaluates not only the employees performance but also his potential for development. The primary objectives of an appraisal are to assess past performance, to identify training needs, to set and agree on future objectives and standards, and to facilitate the achievement of these goals. Individual employee development is a part of a broader concern that BA has developed for the individual employee .As a part of the overall concern with organization culture, BAs philosophy has focused much more attention upon individual performance and this has led to the induction of a companywide -appraisal scheme. The main purpose of this scheme was to improve the relationship between reward and performance and this has reflected in a linked element of performance related pay. British airway has introduced performance related payments. Thus the more efficiently each of the employees works, the more likely it is for the organization to pay the individual worker a certain amount of payments. Moreover, there have been numerous and increasing companywide appraisal schemes introduced by the organization. Thus the harder and more the employee works, the more likely is it for the employee to earn a greater reward in the organization. Moreover, the amount of employees receiving remunerations on an individual basis is increasing at a radical rate at the organization. For instance the administrative staff at the British airways has also started being paid on the basis of their performance. (Armstrong, 2007) HRM MODELS MACTHING MODEL HARVARD MODEL MATCHING MODEL This model states that the HR systems and the organisation structure should be managed in such a way that is similar with the organisational strategy. This is the hard HRM which is interested only in making money or profit. It focussed on individual and organisational performance and concentrates on managing human assets to achieve strategic goals. It explained that there is human resource cycle that consists of generic processes like organisational structure, mission and strategy, human resource management, selection, performance, appraisal, rewards and development. It is based upon strategic control, organisational structure systems for managing people. It requires that human resource strategies have a tight fit to overall of the business. Mission and strategy Economic forces Cultural forces Organizational structure Human resource management MISSION AND STRATEGY: Mission means the specific target that the company wants to reach and strategy is the way through the company can reach their target. The mission of British Airways is to be the best and most successful airline in the world and the strategy is by providing high quality of customer service through resource planning which could not be easily duplicated. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE: This means all the required things that needed to achieve the target. BA launched some programmes for their staff like putting people first, customer first campaign, managing people first, etc. They gave more powers to the line managers to take quick decisions and also break down bureaucracy. They also provide some learning programmes like MBA and series of academies for their staff. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: This is related to the recruitment of new staff. BA replaced some managers which were Air Force retired persons with the staff with analytical skills or the intellectual capacity rather than management experience in the service industries. HARVARD MODEL This model was developed by Beer et al in 1984. This is the soft model which aims at enhancing the commitment, quality and flexibility of employees. Soft model is also known as high commitment management. Here more responsibilities are given to the line managers for ensuring the alignment of competitive strategy and HR policies. This model is based upon individual influence, work systems, rewards and human resource flow; and concentrate upon outcomes for people. Its main components are work system, human resources flow, rewards, stakeholder interests, situational factors, HRM policies choices, HR outcomes, long term consequences. Stakeholder interests Shareholders Management Employee groups Government community unions HRM policy choices Employee influence Human resource flow Reward system Work system HR outcomes Commitment Competence cost-effectiveness Long-term consequences Individual well-being Organizational effectiveness Societal well-being Situational factors Workforce characteristics Business strategy and conditions Management philosophy Labor market Unions Task technology laws and societal values In Harvard model, extra powers and authorities are given to the line managers to fulfill organisations objective. This incorporate recruitment, selection, development and redundancy for the people in the organisation. Managers have to ensure putting right employee at right place and in right time. To motivate productivity, Harvard Model suggested some rewards system to the employees, which include pay, bonus, free and discounted share, holidays, health insurance, empowerment, etc. This model includes long term consequences which refer to individual well beings. These incorporate individual interest, organisational competencies, and the need of the society and community as a whole. In this model, stakeholders are those persons who have interest or shares in the organisation. Situational factor includes workforce, labour markets, union representation, laws, business environment, technology and work system; these issues lead to the HRM policy choices of employee influence. Work system r efers to the efficiency and productivity of work force to meet the organisational goal. For work to be done effectively, efficient communication channels and correct technology are needed. For this purpose, British Airways gave more powers and authorities to the line managers, so that there should not be any kind of delay and they can take quick decisions. HR Planning and Development Methods Firstly British Airline tends to recruit on the basis of analytical skill and intellectual capacity rather than management experience in a service industry. They are always tried to ensure that staff would provide a consistent high quality service to customers an achieving efficient flight operations. Many managers had also joined the company from Royal Air Force. They recruit the perfect person and place them on exact position. Secondly, British Airline setup several training programs for both new and old staff. Such as Customer First Campaign to meet the customer needs. Putting People First which was two day programme aimed at almost 20000 staff that had significant customer contact. This program was designed to persuade participants to examine their own existing values towards their passengers and where necessary to replace them with more helpful and supportive ones. Managing People first a one week residential training course. The programme was specifically designed to breakdown the bureaucracy. The bureaucracy had developed underlying values of order, rationality, dependability and system control. Finally British Airline pays good remuneration to employees and also gives both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. They plan to motivate people as well as make their assets. BA offers free and discounted shares. BA has also introduced a novel scheme which gives an opportunity for all employees to purchase tax-free shares through a trust using their company performance bonus. BA has encouraged individual learning by providing wide employee access to two major learning programs. The first program is based upon principles of open learning; it can finally lead to an MBA and provides a number of progressive stages and qualifications. The completion of each stage gives access to the next qualification. The MBA awarded by the University of Bath. The second program Top Flight provides a series of Academies which are a number of development steps, designed to allow an individual to progress to an executive position. Evaluation: British Airlines corporative objective is To be the best and most successful airline in the world. So to achieve this objective it makes huge investment on human resources. It recruits highly skill and intellectual people. BA replaces them with more helpful and supportive ones. It provides training on the basis of different skills. It developed employees as more customer friendly, knowledgeable and efficient. They form trade union for welfare or participation of line staff on strategic plan of the company. BA pays standardized salary as well as individual performance pay. They know that if employees are satisfied they will give the best effort for the company success; employees are start thinking that they are the part of company. So, it is clear that through the training Development programme and good remuneration packages staffs provide the high quality customer services and would be more committed to the company. And they go ahead to achieve the organization goal. HR Performances of British Airways In seventies BA performances were disappointing, When BA had serious difficulties retaining customer in competitive international airline industry. In 1980 BA recorded significant losses. Before 1990 BA found negative attitude from passengers in a research. Customers were dissatisfied with customer BAs customer services. For this reason BA redesign and restructure its Human Resources. BA makes huge investment on HR planning and HR performances. It setup many training and development program for line staffs and managers. It is hard to say how much impact the programme has had; it is commonly understood in training circles it is difficult to measure the value of training. However, British Airline believes that this programme has been successful, that a significant cultural change has been achieved at all levels of the organization, and that this cultural change has made a significant contribution to the steady improvement in the business performance. An extensive market research shown that customer have developed more positive attitudes towards service that they now receive as compared with the predominance of negative attitudes that were recorded in similar surveys conducted earlier in the 1990s. These satisfied customers must have an important factor in supporting BAs performance improve improvement. So its easily identified that with this HR planning and development, BA increases their HR performance that lead to the improvement of the organizations performance. On the other hand BA employees now more happy with remuneration and rewards. They are getting opportunities to learn through different training and qualification of MBA degree awarded by the University of Bath after competition of management training. They are getting basic pay as well as individual performance pay and scheme that benefited them more than the before. Through the trade union employees can participate on organization strategic decision. They can raise their voice against any critical issue of the company. That makes the employees happier. Employee turnover are less now than before .Employees are satisfied with their job description, responsibilities and working environment. Employees absenteeism is reduced significantly. They are now highly committed to the company success. Ways to improve HR performances It is very difficult to suggest BA. Because they are the worlds largest passenger airlines company in the world and they have many intellectual people for hunting innovation idea and planning every moment. In spite of this practical situation some ways of improvement are described below: British airlines significant development is that they made a small HR strategy and planning department with some specialist people in the UK. It can be suggesting that if they integrated more people with this department and also spread not only in Europe, but also other continents where they are earning more. As a result same cultural people will provide customer service to their own customers. They can easily share their feeling and fulfill the needs of customer. Employee would be happy to serve same people as like they are. British airline can run different talent hunt programme for recruit their best fitted people. They can go to the college and university and pick up the best student; those are very keen to learn and have creative ideas for the future excellent service both customer service and flight operation. BA can launch more training and development programme after certain time to compete with the competitors and updated technological knowledge. They have to push their employee towards extrinsic rewards to see happier. CONCLUSION Thus as highlighted by this paper, the British airways successfully manages the human resources department by an increasing amount of planning and organization. They also launched some learning programmes for the employees to do MBA and to reach at executive position. They mainly concentrated upon the improvement of delivering good customer service so that they can attract more customers and gain more profit; with this they want to become the worlds most successful airline. At the end, I can say that it is crucial to use both soft and hard HRM in order to meet the organisational business requirement and to remain worlds most successful airline.

Free Hamlet Essays: Complex Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Complex Hamlet There are many factors that lead Hamlet into putting himself in a difficult position. There are many incidents where it’s not Hamlet’s poor attitude that gets him in trouble, but his great ambition to uncover the truth. Once Hamlet discovers that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are spying on him, he never lets them out of his sight. Hamlet suspects that his mother, Gertrude, was an accomplice for the murder of his father. Polonius was slain by Hamlet who had mistaken him for Claudius. His pretense of madness drove Ophelia to her death. All of these incidents show that its Hamlet’s great ambition to uncover the truth that gets himself in difficult positions. Hamlet would not show mercy even when confronted by his best friends from his childhood. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were sent by the King and Queen to spy on Hamlet to discover the reason for his disturbing behavior. Hamlet isn’t fooled by their sudden arrival and gives them a chance to show their loyalty to him by admitting they were sent by the king. "That you must teach me. But let me conjure you by the.... be even and direct with me whether you were sent for or no." (II-ii.274-278) Hamlet is aware of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s alliance with the king. He sends them to England, replacing the letter that they carried with a forgery of the king’s seal stating that the bearers of the letter should be killed. He felt no guilt or remorse for the sudden loss of his two best friends. "They are not near my conscience; their defeat does by their own insinuation grow." (V-ii.58-59) Hamlet’s curiosity caused him to not only suspect his mother, but also kill poor Polonius. He believed Gertrude was an accomplice in the murder of his father.Hamlet has violent outbursts towards his mother. His anger increased as Gertrude misinterpreted the situation. She believed that she was in danger of being assaulted and therefore cries out for help. Hamlet, who was full of rage, runs his dagger through the arras and kills Polonius, mistaking him for Claudius. "O me, what hast tho done/Nay, I know not. Is it the king?" (III-iv.27-28) Hamlet's passion was furiously aroused, and his words to his mother grew increasingly bitter and sharp. His words acted like daggers that shattered Gertrude's peace of mind. "Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, stewed in corruption, honeying and making love over the nasty sty.

Why are some acts (like sex or killing) considered by others as clean and by some as unclean?

Based on human history, it can be observed that sex and aggression have become very normal part of human life. Procreation involves sex with the objective of creating another life and to continue the existence of men (Casad 1). It is also seen as an act of pleasure and a way of showing affection. However, the sexual act done within particular context will be considered unacceptable or even unclean. Based on the theories of Sigmund Freud, sex and aggression is embedded in the nature of man (Stafford-Clark 1973). In this manner, the notion of killing also becomes a vital part of human nature.Although we are aware that death is the ultimate end of the physical body, death because of killing stirs up moral issues. In these regard, it is very important to ponder on the true nature of sex and aggression. Prostitution is considered one of the longest running professions in the world (Liberator 2005). However, it is also considered one of the main problems of society wherein people of both s exes and all ages are involved and exploited. The fact that these people are exploited and exposed in different kinds of diseases and other problems causes it to be considered unclean.Mary Douglas (1966) also points out the exchange of sexual fluid during intercourse wherein she says â€Å"each sex is a danger to the other through contact with sexual fluids†. In this regard, we are aware that direct sexual contact may pose great harm to the health through sexually transmitted diseases, making it what Douglas calls bodily pollution. In the context of prostitution, sex is also considered unclean because there are no emotional ties between the sex provider and the patron. Also in this case, sex becomes the service being traded for money.Based on the question raised regarding cleanliness, it is said that there is still the clean notion of sex. This is if sexual acts are done within the bond of matrimony or other emotional commitment. In this context, there is the involvement of l ove and the goal of procreation which makes the act clean. Because the sexual union of male and female becomes a â€Å"collaboration and distinctiveness of social units† the act becomes cleaner. Also, this suggests that physical sex is considered less clean than emotional sex or sex done for procreation.Deviation from the normal notion of sex is also considered unclean like people vowed to celibacy suddenly involves in a sexual act or people having extramarital affairs. Animals are known to kill for survival while man also kills for fun (Kemp 1997). Aggression as a part of human nature is also considered a mode for survival. Killing for survival has been a source of the notion of uncleanness. Douglas (1966, 16) quotes â€Å"the ideas of survivals are used to account for irrational rules of uncleanness†.This suggests that other than the fact that killing is morally unclean the savage use of killing for survival is also considered unclean. In the primitive context, Dougl as notes that there is â€Å"no clear distinction between sanctity and uncleanness† (Douglas 1966, 9). This is true for other later acts of killing for sacrifices or other divine purposes. In the present context, although there are still some isolated cases of killing for sacrificial offerings for their divine Gods, killing is just considered immoral and unclean.At this point, it can be considered that there is a clear realization of the disparity between holiness and impurity. This is also considered true because the primitive purpose of killing for religion is slowly fading. Usual reasons for killing and aggression have been rooted on man’s self-centeredness, personal objectives and goals. The two sections on sex and aggression show the other half of Douglas compounding of dirt â€Å"care for hygiene and respect for conventions† (Douglas 1966, 8). Although not explicitly stated in the text, there is always the inclusion of the issue of morality especially if s een in today’s context.

People With Disabilities In New Zealand Social Work Essay Essay Example

People With Disabilities In New Zealand Social Work Essay Essay Example People With Disabilities In New Zealand Social Work Essay Essay People With Disabilities In New Zealand Social Work Essay Essay -Containing the figure of people with disablements in New Zealand and fiscal support to a lower limit were in the Government policy. -According to TheA Lunatics Ordinance 1846, from 1854, people with unsafe insane or unsound head was supposed to be felons and sent to prison for the intent of guaranting safety and attention for them. -The Law did non promote people with disablements from shacking in New Zealand.According toTheA Imbecile Passengers Act 1882, the ship that discharged lunatic, crackbrained, deaf, dumb, blind or infirm peoplewho could go the fee for charitable organisations or any individual, the responsible people for it were required to pay a bond. -According to TheA Immigration Restriction Act 1899, Prohibited immigrants list includes A imbecile or insane people as people with infective diseases. Good familial preservation policy by taking hapless wellness features or spirit became really popular in the nineteenth century. Harmonizing to the thought of natural choice for these people, those with less desirable features were prevented from holding children.they were removed from society by seting in purpose reinforced establishments. Towards the terminal of the nineteenth century, people with rational disablement were admitted to establishments old reserved for people with mental unwellness. Men and adult females were unbroken separate purely so that they could non hold kids. The first school for deaf kids in New Zealand opened in 1880. 1900s -There was a inclination to cut down household size by societal trust on racialist addition it becomes reflected in the authorities s societal policies on handicapped people. -Mechanisms for kids with disablements were taken into history. Particularly kids with mental disablements. People of unsound head, individuals mentally infirm, imbeciles, idiots, the lame minded and epileptics were differentiated by The Mental Defectives Act 1911. The Committee of Inquiry into Mental Defectives and Sexual Offenders of 1924-1925 expressed that the action of forestalling multiplied debasement in New Zealand population is necessary due to concerns about kids with rational disablements. The end was to increase the elements of the religious and physical strength and morality of the state. Education and wellness services did non include kids with particular demands due to sorting and showing of kids. Advanced engineering along with the development of medical cognition made intervention instead than the community integrating of people with disablements. -In 1924, a legistration was introduced for the benefits of those who were non able to work for good and those with impermanent unwellness. In which, pension benefits were given to blind people. In 1929, Templeton Farm in Christchurch was opened for high-grade idiots and low-grade feeble-minded instances without psychotic complications , under the disposal of the mental wellness system. The demand for better services to retrieve physically and mentally for handicapped people was emphasized after the return of soldiers from the universe wars. Harmonizing to the Disabled Persons Employment Promotion Act 1960, working conditions as required in general workplaces were exempted from implementing in the workplace of people with disablements. During the 1950s and 1960s, disabled people s kids were concerned in happening the appropriate instruction establishments. From the 1970s, the authorities s attack to services for handicapped people became more community and rights based. Harmonizing to A theA Accident Compensation Act 1972, support was provided for those who were impaired from the injury of accidents. Harmonizing to The Disabled Persons Community Welfare Act 1975, it gave people with disablements who who were non ACC claimants the entree to back up services. At the same clip it helped them remain in the community. -According to The Industrial Relations Act 1973, workers with disablements had the chance to take part in the labour market and received the appropriate pay for their productiveness. Fostering the International Year of the Disabled in 1981, a series of positive actions had been taking topographic point, the jobs of people with disablements that neer happened or were due attending in the past, such as the formation of organisations for people with disablements to talk and work for themselves. The move off from institutionalized adjustment for handicapped people continued during the 1980s ( besides known as deinstitutionalisation ) . At the same clip authorities support for community-based services increased. This was reinforced by an amendment to the Education Act enabling the mainstreaming of handicapped kids into a normal school environment. 1990s, support services for handicapped people moved from public assistance bureaus to the regional wellness authorization provided by the province to cut down societal barriers for people with disablements. Supports 1890s the charitable administrations and the households were the chief beginning of support for people with disablements non the taxpayers in society. 1860s, organisations where supported for orphans, individual female parents and the destitute elderly, besides included handicapped people in support. 1900sA the CCS in 1935 and IHC in 1949 1970s, authorities financess were progressively channelled into constructing little residential installations to function disable people. During 1950s and 1960s, there were twenty-four hours attention centre, occupational groups and residential lodging support service for people with disablements. A the precursor of the Royal NZ Foundation of the Blind in 1890. 1981. There was a pan-disability organisation for handicapped people. the Association of the Friends of the Blind in 1889 1990s, there were Regional Health Authorities for handicapped people. ( office for disablement issues ( n.d. ) .A Disability in New Zealand: A altering perspective.A Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.odi.govt.nz/resources/guides-and-toolkits/disability-perspective ) 2.2 Define nomenclature Language reflects the societal context in which it is developed and used. It hence reflects the values and attitudes of that context, and plays an of import function in reenforcing values and attitudes that lead to favoritism and segregation of peculiar groups in society. Language can hence be used as a powerful tool to ease alteration and convey approximately new values, attitudes and societal integrating ( Goverment, W. C. ( n.d. ) .A Disability Definitions, Models and Terminology.A Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.westerncape.gov.za ) There was a negative nomenclature towards people with disablement in New Zealand: people labeled people with disablement as insane , patient , handicap , special lunatic , idiotic defective and so on. Indentify attitudes Peoples with disablement were thought to be different, weaker and less value in the community. They were besides supposed to be objects of commiseration and charitable organisations. In add-on, people thought that there was no such desire every bit good as the emotional demands as other people and the state of affairs of people with disablements was a shame. Stereotypes Physiological: people are excessively focused on the physical disablement of a individual, regarded it as the differences and opposite to qualities and attributes that a individual may have.for illustration, a talker with no weaponries and legs are ever mentioned about his disablement before stating that he is a talker. Emotional and moral: moral and emotional qualities of people with disablement are evaluated differently.for illustration: if they are successful they will be called as a superhero or they do non hold the same scope of emotion with others. Comparative: the words sepecial might be used to mention to people with disablement and normal to people without damage. ( wellness and disablement commissioner ( n.d. ) .A Making communicating easy Useful tips to do it easy to pass on efficaciously with people with impairments.A Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hdc.org.nz ) Barriers: Access deficiency of just entree to chances, information, edifices, conveyance, services, for illustration: many public prints are excessively little to read ; screen-reading package is non provided on many web sites ; many handicapped people find it hard to mobile in countries where aisles or entrywaies are excessively narrow to suit a wheelchair or scooter and so on. Discrimination and/or attitudinal bias and ignorance: deficiency of a convenient agreement for people with disablement and know aparting against them are consequences of this. For illustration: there are policies and Torahs to forestall people with disablements shacking in an country or immigrating to a state ; policy non to engage people with disablements. In add-on, there is the deficiency of concern for the engagement of people with disablements such as traffic signal does non sound to signal for people with vision damage. Economic and societal position: a barbarous rhythm of lower economic, instruction and wellness position compared to the remainder of the population. The fact indicates that people with disablements have lower educational attainment and income rates compared with the general population. Therefore, people with disablements have less opportunity to better their economic position, as a low profile is non recognized by the society, it is progressively marginalized. In add-on, wellness jobs overall of people with disablements have a higher rate compared with the general population. In decision, the rhythm is expressed as handicapped people with low degree of economic and hapless wellness are non able to take part to the full in societal activities, it leads to societal isolation, deficiency of relationships with society relevant to societal attention demands, it easy leads to wellness jobs and troubles in working to better economic. 2.3 Service proviso 1980s Residential services: it was ordinary focused on traveling people into group place in the community but had progressively focused on back uping people with disablement in their ain places. 1990s Medical and allied wellness services: it was an unfastened market of wellness attention and medical services. It included four responsible regional wellness governments of buying services and supports. Housing: lodging was provided for low-income people including those with disablements. Needs Assessment Service Coordination Care Support for people with disablements Respite and Carer Supports Care supports in instruction for kids with disablements Pre-school for kids with disablements Elder attention supports for people with disablements Conveyance to Disability Services Day A ; Employment services Supports to independent life Access models: The bulk of disablement support services are accessed through aA Needs Assessment Service Coordination ( NASC ) A service. A NASC plays a important function in organizing the effectual use of disablement support services in their part. Disability Services contracts with organisations to supply this service. A NASC service will find a individual s eligibility for funded disablement support services and work with a individual and their family/whanau/aiga/carer to place their support demands, and what resources, supports and services are available, to run into these demands. A NASC will place which disablement support services are funded by Disability Services and apportion support for a individual to entree these services.A Duties for peculiar groups of handicapped people Duties for peculiar groups of handicapped people can be summarised as follows: aˆ? Ministry of Health financess supports for people with long-run physical, centripetal and/or rational disablements who are chiefly aged under 65 aˆ? District Health Boards ( DHBs ) fund support for people with psychiatric disablements, people aged 65 and over disabled by ageing, people with support demands expected to last less than six months, or those aged 50-64 old ages whose demands are mostly similar to older people aˆ? Accident Compensation Corporation ( ACC ) financess support for people disabled by accident. ( ACC is discussed farther below ) Duties for back uping peculiar facets of people s lives Duties for back uping peculiar facets of people s lives can be summarised as follows: aˆ? Ministry of Social Development focuses on back uping disability-related income, vocational and employment demand aˆ? Ministry of Education focal points on back uping disability-related instruction demand aˆ? Ministry of Health and DHBs tend to concentrate on support for day-to-day life Ministry of Health ( MoH ) , Disability Supports Services In New Zealand most of the daily concern of the wellness and disablement system, and around three quarters of support, is administered by DHBs. DHBs program, manage, provide and purchase services for their territory populations, including primary attention, public wellness services, and disablement support services for older people, those with psychiatric-related disablement and impermanent needs non expected to last longer than six months. The Ministry of Health has a scope of functions, including proviso of centralized support for a figure of national services which includes some disablement support and public wellness services. ( options, s. ( n.d. ) .A DISABILITY SUPPORT SERVICES.A Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //supportoptions.co.nz )

Great Expectations 2 endings essays

Great Expectations 2 endings essays Great Expectations by Charles Dickens was a novel which has two different endings. Dickens wrote an original version for an ending, but changed it by the request of friends. Both endings involve the same characters Pip and Estella meeting after many years had passed in their lives. The first ending is bitter and dark Pip and Estella meet awkwardly and part, never to see each other again. The second ending, on the other hand, is more hopeful and forgiving Pip and Estella meet, and Pip saw no shadow of another parting from her. (Page 451) However, the new ending does not fit it with the book completely. Through the novel, Estella torments Pip, and constantly ends up ruining his life The entire novel was about Pip growing up as a gentleman, which includes his childish lust for Estella. Therefore, in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, the original ending ties in with the story more, and is the better choice. The novel Great Expectations was all about Pip growing up as a gentleman, and leaving his childish desires behind. Estella was really a childish desire for him although he did love her later in his life, his desires began at childhood. If order for Pip to fully grow up, he must have left Estella in the past, and concentrated on his own life and future. The second ending, however, does just the opposite it has Pip and Estella meet and become friends, which shows that no matter how hard tries to give this desire up, he is never mature enough to do so. In the original ending, however, lets the two characters part, and Pip reaches an understanding that Estella had only caused him pain in the past. The original ending is able to accomplish one of the morals of the novel what you do to others will eventually come back to you - by having Estella suffer like Pip did. The original ending Pip says ...in her face and in her voice, and in her touch, she gave me the ...

Trade relations between USA and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trade relations between USA and China - Essay Example Ranging from the ongoing currency war to accusations of immoral trade policies, factors which have led towards this destabilization of trade relations are not only economical but, perhaps, have a political milieu too. Firstly, one of the major challenges faced by the USA-China trade is the prominent USA accusation of ‘manipulating’ the Chinese currency. Over the past few years, the official currency of China, Yuan, has been held in a floating exchange rate system; though it has only been allowed a narrow margin to fluctuate. Many analysts and economists in the USA however urge for a more flexible exchange rate which pivots around the market equilibrium determined by the market forces of currency demand and supply. Despite of the fact that Yuan has been allowed to fluctuate more liberally and has even risen by 20% in value against the USA Dollar since 2005, Japan, European Union and USA yet accuse China that it manipulates its currency by deliberately keeping it at a low exchange rate in relation to the USA Dollar with a view to make the USA products less competitive and, simultaneously, the Chinese goods and services more competitive and relatively cheaper than the USA goods. This lowered currency rate leads to a rise in Chinese exports whereas USA exports decline. A large amount of trade deficit suffered by the USA in trade with China adds to the gravity of the accusation. Concerns for China regarding this issue are that the USA, World Trade Organization or APEC might impose trade sanctions on China for its ‘problematic’ currency exchange rate. These sanctions may prove very costly for the growing Chinese economy as the world’s second largest economy is principally led by mass amount of exports to its trading partners. Restrictions over free trade for China may cause the deceleration of its growth or may even put it to a halt. The trade balance between USA and China in 2011 exceeded $295 billion and any probable sanctions may d rastically affect this huge amount of traded commodities between the two giants. Moreover, China’s Current Account surplus has also been declining during the past few years and the consequences of USA pleas regarding the unfair trade advantage China has may turn the ‘already withering’ surplus into a trade deficit, whereas China may also lose its most important trade partner (Davis). The list of allegations upon China is elongated and does not restrict itself to the currency devaluation. China is also accused by the USA for adopting an unfair exchange rate regime. Yuan’s rate of exchange has been, contrarily to the US allegations, in conformity with the international monetary system which is operating at the time. Observing the variations from a fixed to a floating and then from the fixed peg to a basket peg, China’s exchange rate valuation has always been repudiated by USA. This might lead to a further withering of trade relations between the two n ations in the near future. (Moosa viii) Also, on the accusation list is the allegation upon China of piling up its foreign reserves. Again, the charge seems to be lacking ample rationality as any nation is allowed to purchase foreign currency reserves and to accumulate those reserves in order to minimize its risk of a speculative economic slump in the future. Similarly, China has done the same and has acquired pretty huge amounts of US Dollars in the

Foundation Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foundation Business Management - Essay Example This paper briefly analyses the management model, structure and culture in three different companies; Microsoft, Apple and Coca Cola and the impact of these management styles on the employees. Microsoft does not need an introduction in the world because of its established monopoly in software industries and computer world. Founded in 1981, controlled by Bill Gates and his team, Microsoft has become one of the all time best companies in the world at present. Microsoft is not following any conventional models of management. In fact they don’t have even a president or CEO. Jung (2003) has mentioned that all the Microsoft operations are controlled by eight chief financial officers. The companys seven business units are: Client, which includes its Windows operating system; Information Worker, including Office business software applications; Server Platforms, for server software; Home and Entertainment, including Xbox video-game consoles and the Xbox Live online gaming service; MSN, its Internet service; Business Solutions, including software for small and medium sized businesses; and CE/Mobility, including software for wireless phones and mobile devices (Jung). Microsoft has divided its entire business portfolios into seven different categories and named a head for each category. The above strategy helped them to manage each areas of their business more effectively because of the different heads at the top of different units instead of a single head at the top of the organization. The unit heads need to concentrate only on their units and hence their workloads are comparatively less when we compare other organizations with a single CEO at the top. Employee-employer relations in Microsoft not seem to be in a good shape at present because of the recession problems. Salary reduction, termination of jobs, temporary layoffs etc are common nowadays in Microsoft because of the