Can Different Temperature Effect the Cell Membrane

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Aim Hypothesis Material Method Results Discussion Conclusion? Abstract The aim of this experiment was to see whether different temperatures will affect the cell membrane, thus would then releases the purple pigments out of the vacuole which causes the leakage of the purplish liquid.? Background Information The outermost layer is the cell wall, which is present only in plant cells and is made up of a carbohydrate called cellulose and also has other protein substances embedded within it.The cell wall is a rigid layer and gives structural stability to the cell and also limits the permeability of large substances into and out of the cell. Within the cell wall, surrounding the cytoplasm is the cell membrane which is a semi-permeable membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. The bilayer consists of phospholipids which arrange themselves so that the hydrophobic (‘water hating’) tails are shielded from the surrounding water. The heads of the molecules are hydrophilic (‘water loving’) and face the water.Overall, the cell membrane acts to selectively allow substances to move into and out of the cell and maintains the cell potential. Proteins within the membrane act as molecular signals allowing the cells to communicate with each other and other substances outside the cell. About 70% of the cell membrane is actually protein. The cytoplasm of the cell has a number of organelles, although there is one in particular that the vacuole. Vacuoles act to store food for the plant and also assist in structural stability of the plant along with the cell wall.The vacuoles in plant cells are normally larger than those found in animal cells and contain a fluid called, cell sap. This fluid is rich in nutrients and other substances and is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast, separating it from the cytoplasm. The tonoplast is similar in composition to the cell membrane. Biological pigments, also known as pigm ents or biochromes are substances produced by living organisms that have a colour resulting from the selective colour absorption. The pigments in beetroot are betalain pigments; they are located in the vacuole of the cell.They are named after the Beet family of plants, but are also found in fungi. In the petals they are thought to attract pollinating insects and may be present in seeds/fruits to encourage birds to eat them and so spreading around the seeds. When a beetroot in heated, it tampers with the cell membranes. A membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer. These are formed because the phospholipids that make it up have a hydrophilic (‘water loving’) head and a hydrophobic (‘water hating’) tail. The tails pack together, exposing only the heads to the water.This is the phospholipid bilayer. The beetroot pigment is used commercially as food dye. It changes colour when heated so can only be used in ice-cream, sweets and other confectionary, but it is bo th cheap and has no known allergic side-effects. Aim To investigate whether different temperatures can damage and denature the plasma cell surface membrane of beetroot cells. This would then release the beetroot pigments out of the vacuole which causes the leakage of the purplish liquid. Hypothesis Beetroot in hotter water will release its pigments more than beetroot in cooler water.The hotter water should break more vacuoles containing the pigments which will make the water appear to be more purple. Meanwhile the colder water will still have pigments throughout the water, and therefore will be scarcer. Materials -x6 Test Tube -x1 Chopping Board -x1 Serrated Knife -x1 Corer -x6 Skewers -x2 Beetroot -x3 Test Tube Rack -x1 Wooden Test Tube Holders -x1 Bunsen Burner -x1 Match Box -x1 Cork Mat Method 1. Use the corer to get equal cylindrical pieces of beetroot 2. Cut pieces to same size if they are unequal 3. Skewer the beetroot through the middle . Rinse the skewers of beetroot 5. Fill the test tubes to half way with water 6. Place beetroot skewers into test tube and test tubes into test tube holder. Cold 1. Put in fridge and freezer 2. Remove after chosen time, and record your observations. Hot 1. Put over a hot flame and a purple flame 2. Remove after chosen time, and record your observations Results TemperatureColour of WaterColour of Beetroot Room Temperature: 23Â °C Rich and Dense PurpleDeep Red Not visible through water Fridge: 10Â °C Partially reddish purpleHot Pink Freezer:-9Â °CVery light pink barely any change in the colourVery deep red Blue Flame: 100Â °C A deep, rich redNormal purple colour Discussion Beetroot in hotter water will release its pigments more than beetroot in cooler water. The hotter water should break more vacuoles containing the pigments which will make the water appear to be more purple. Meanwhile the colder water will still have pigments throughout the water, and therefore will be scarcer. The hypothesis was supported by the resu lts as the beetroot in the hotter water did release more pigments than the beetroot in the colder water.Some problems that came to attention were the exact sizes of the beetroot pieces could not be made the exact same size. Even though cutting them side by side of each other did make them look similar, the sizes were off still. The experiment as brought sight to what can happen when a fruit or vegetable or flower is heated in water will do. The water colouring process will accelerate more than twice as fast and that could provide big opportunities in some companies. A flaw in the experimental design was that attention wasn’t given to the material of test tubes that were used.A glass test tube was used for the beetroot that was frozen in the freezer; while in fact a plastic test tube should have been used because the glass test tube could not flex to the expansion of the water in the test tube and so resulting it to crack. Conclusion In conclusion, the hypothesis was supported as the beetroot’s pigments were release more in the hot water more than the cold water did. The hotter water made the beetroot cell vacuoles to burst, releasing the pigments, thus colouring the water.

DFA’s investment portfolio Essay

Identify the sources of value DFA is providing its investors DFA creates different value to its customers. For Registered Investment Advisor, the value was the educative access to top researchers who were developing innovative theories and empirical analyses. For high-net-worth individuals, it is low management fee as the services are provided through RIA. For other investors, the value is high performance of portfolio it manages. The sources of values DFA managed to create come from: – Close relationship with prominent academics, who also have stake in DFA. The academic research has played crucial role in the performance of DFA’s investment portfolio and brought substantial return to its customers over a long period of time. – Reputation of the DFA in small cap market help the firm reduce transaction cost, pick and choose the right stock to invest, contributing to positive return for its customers. 8. What are some of the trading costs associated with small, value stocks? How does DFA manage these potential trading frictions? Given the fact that small and value stocks have lower liquidity compared to large and growth stock, transaction of small and value stock is more difficult. There are some trading costs associated with them: – When investment fund wants to buy small and value stocks in open market, their price will go up very quickly. This increase in price will negatively affect the next purchase of the same stock of the investment fund. DFA instead of going to the market and bid for stock, it absorbs the selling demand from the others. By taking a large part of stock, it can even obtain a discount on the stock purchase. – Once the investment fund owns an amount of a certain stock, the future sales of stock to the market may pose some pressure on the price of stock. DFA when buying stock from seller would try to make sure that it take the whole position of th e seller so that it avoids the scenario when the seller sells the other part to the market and the price of stock goes down immediately after DFA buys it. – Same applied when the fund tries to sell its stock. If investment fund sells a large block of stock, the price of stock will be pushed down. To avoid this transaction cost DFA normally offers small amounts of stock to the market each day. It takes more time to sell out but the price of stock will be maintained. 12. Likewise, throughout the 1990s, growth stocks outperformed value stocks. Hence, should DFA reconsider its current strategy? What if growth continues to outperform value over the next five years. Would your answer change?  Again, how would you explain the poor performance of the fund to your clients? Although the growth stock outperformed value stocks in 1990s thanks to the high-tech boom, DFA should not reconsider its current strategy because of the following reasons: -Looking at a long period of time (from 1926 to 2004), despite some up and down, value stock still outperform growth stock (Tim’s calculation) -DFA’s philosophy of investment has been based upon market efficient. And according to market efficient theories, the higher return of growth stock given the lower level of risk compared to value stock will go away as people start to chase growth stock. Switching to growth stock will not help DFA to make sustainable return. Even though the growth stock continues to outperform for the next five years, our answer would not change. The growth stock cannot outperform the value stock for too long because it has lower level of risk. Value stock will soon bounce back in terms of return soon. 14. What future strategies would you recommend DFA pursue? Make a specific recommendation, and justify it. Should they abandon/modify/maintain their current size and value strategies? Should they explore other interesting anomalies and adopt similar strategies?

Mircosoft Share Point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mircosoft Share Point - Essay Example Thus SharePoint is not a program but a platform for different types of programs. It a back-end system that ties all employees Personal Computers (PCs), allowing them to synchronize their effort through integrated communication system. SharePoint has tools such as adobe Photoshop, patternry, Javascript kit, Balsamiq and CrossBowser Testing that aids designers in customizing the interface as required. It has also Business Management Process (BPM) capabilities. It has functionalities such as visual indicators, the associate items and smart actions. Visual indicators such color coded status and icons are configurable and able to make dramatic impact on dashboard. Identification of important projects without sifting through a myriad of texts where isn’t immediately clear which projects are on track and falling behind is made possible by this functionality (Cooper, 2014). The associate Items functionality enables association of parent and child lists to create a many-to-one list. For instance, a parent project may be associated to multiple invoices that would be defined in a list (Junk, 2013). This is the same way data is modeled in data base. ‘Smart Actions’ provide workflow functionality connected to lists. This allows work triggers to be carried out based on laid down criteria. Using the custom functionality with interface options allows for a comprehensive tool to be built modeling anything from project tracking to training management product testing (Cooper, 2014). Besides, SharePoint has email and printing templates which allows for polished communication and reports containing the data collected by the business’ custom created tools. SharePoint User Interface (UI) enhances control hence creating effectiveness. Managers are provided with extensive set of tools by the interface to enforce procedures and record management. Besides, simple UI enhances visibility. Team members benefit by not only getting see the reasoning behind each step but also can

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Family Law - Essay Example The treatment mentioned above includes any diagnostic procedures and anaesthetic administration ancillary to the main treatment. As per section 12 of the Act, an infant can also be described as a minor.2 However, this right of consent for children over 16 but below 18 is not absolute. As family law is of discretionary nature , all previously decided cases need not constitute precedents to be binding on judges who are expected to decide by giving weightage to cases independently for the unique factors surrounding them. It does not imply, however, that case law comprises of unconnected decisions since judges functioning with wide discretion develop particular â€Å"patterns, rules of thumb and general principles.† Therefore, there are limits within which judges can firm up their discretion. Thus when there is no guidance from the legislature, courts have assumed to act giving due regard to â€Å"fair outcome and â€Å"best interests of the child.3 Courts also draw guidance fro m the international treaties even though some of them may not have been adopted in domestic law. Thus, the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (UNRC) which the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) also consults for interpretation of article 8 of the ECHR.4 that governs the rights of children. Parekh5 points out that law relating to the child’s consent is not yet clear as far as â€Å"best interests of the child† is concerned. He quotes the authors Kennedy and Grub 6 as having classified the child development into three stages of early childhood, Gillick competent child and the child of 16-18 years of age. Consent by children under 16 years of age is not clear as it is governed by the common law. Consent is valid one only if given by persons having capacity to decide. Hence, during the first stage of development of childhood, parent alone can consent for medical or surgical treatment. In the second stage of Gillick competent child which case will be

Project Appraisal is Not an Exact Science. Critically Discuss Various Essay

Project Appraisal is Not an Exact Science. Critically Discuss Various Project Appraisal Techniques - Essay Example klist Model 7 Multi weighted scoring Models 8 Limitation of Multi weighted scoring Models 9 Conclusion 9 References 11 Introduction Project assessment is the combination of both the project evaluation and appraisal. Project appraisal concerns itself with advance assessment to determine whether the project is worth the investment channeled to it (Siriwardena 2011, p.205). After a company has carried out cost benefit analysis of a project, then it is in a position to decide on whether the project is to be implemented or rejected. Researchers have not yet identified the best techniques for project worth estimation. However, project appraisal techniques can help in deciding whether to accept or reject a project. The techniques can be broadly classified into three. The categories are such as, discounted, non-discounted and non-financial techniques. ... Over decades, NPV criticism has been based on its failure in considering the option of the managerial team of abandoning or extending a project. Thus, the NPV technique undermines the cash flow of a project true NPV (Pinches 1994, Van horne 1995). Through investment and financial interaction, decisions have been made by various expertises and NPV method has been adjusted. In that case, the new NPV equals to the NPV sum to equity and financial impacts present value (Myers 1974, Luehrman 1997). The major reason why net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) provides recommendations that are conflicting is as a result of inherent reinvestment hypothesis based on NPV and IRR (Solomon 1956, Rensaw 1957). On the contrary, it is argued that, in IRR or NPV methodology, there exists no reinvestment rate implicit assumption (Dudley 1972, Biedleman 1984). Nevertheless, the authors write that, it is significant to come up with reinvestment rate explicit assumption when choosing be tween two or more competing projects. In recent years, a net present value generalized formula has been developed (Beaves 1998, 2003). The new formula accounts explicitly for projects reinvestment cash flows. In addition to that, rate of return is overall considered. However, the new formula is based on the assumption that, cash flows (net) experienced after null time get financed positively by inflows of cash flows (net). The inflow should occur subsequently to cash outflows time zero but before cash outflow next period. In summary, total initial outlay of a project largely depends on outlay net cash expected regardless the financing source. Net present value is considered more superior than internal rate of return (IRR). NPV utilizes reinvestment rate

Domestic Terrorism Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Domestic Terrorism Final - Essay Example In addition, ethnic refugees such as Cuban and Puerto Rican, support local movements that support independence or regime change. One of the main attractions for foreign terrorists in the US is the ability to raise money. While this somewhat distorts the technical definition of 'domestic terrorist', it does indicate the level of cooperation, even when the goals are self-serving. According to Ehrenfeld and Lappen (2007), "A major funding source for terrorist and criminals is the trade in illegal drugs". It has been well publicized that "Islamic extremist organizations, primarily Hizballah, and, to a lesser extent, the Sunni extremist" groups have been cooperating with international terrorists in South America, such as FARC, to raise funds through the drug trade (Hudson, 2003, p.14). These drugs are then marketed through US groups, and according to John Sullivan of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, "organized crime groups in Los Angeles County are supporting international terrorists" (qtd. in Ehrenfeld and Lappen, 2007). 2.) The Internet has become a powerful tool because of its capability to communicate around the globe instantaneously. As with all other technology, it is not the technology that creates the problem. It is the user. Freedom of speech and the right to privacy hold conflicting roles when we examine private communication that incites violence. The public display of speech or information that incites or advocates violence or illegal activity is already illegal in the US (Finkleman, 2006, p.178). A web site that calls for the destruction of property or lives should be taken down by law enforcement and the perpetrators pursued. However, private communication should be considered as a separate issue. E-mails and private messages that travel across the Internet should be treated no differently than printed material. The US has a long tradition of constitutional guaranteed freedoms that included freedom of speech. Most intelligent people also understand that with this freedom comes a responsibility. We are not free to say anything, anywhere. However, private conversations are given extreme consideration, and electronic correspondence should be considered private conversation. I would object to the government intrusion. Though I have nothing to hide, there is the potential for government officials to use their authority to pursue or oppress their political opponents. There is the fear that the label 'terrorist' could be applied to well intentioned social movements, or people who plan to engage in the time honored protest of civil disobedience. Removing freedom of speech from private conversations is a step down a slippery slope that should not be taken. 3.) By definition, 'domestic terrorism' must involve a criminal act. According to the US criminal code Title 18, Part I, Chapter 113B, 2331 (5A), the activity must "involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State" (US Code Collection, n.d.). However, there is a significant difference between disturbing the peace by blocking the entrance to an abortion clinic and the burning of a business, such as the vandalism that did over $1 million damage to the U.S. Forestry Science Laboratory in Rhinelander, Wisconsin that was blamed on the Environmental Liberation Front (ELF) (Terrorism 2000/2001, 2004). The difference is

Medicare and Medicaid-SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicare and Medicaid-SLP - Essay Example Apart from Pharmaceutical labelers that refer to drug prior approval information supplied with the drug by the CMS, the Automated Voice Response System (AVRS) is used to reinforce the Drug Prior Approval process. Through AVRS pharmacy providers can inquire about or enter a request for a drug prior approval via either a touch-tone or rotary dial phone, (www.hfs.illinois.gov/avrs, 2009). The State of Illinois has the All Kids medical insurance program. Under this program, children who have no medical cover because their parents cannot afford insurance premiums are covered at rates their parents can afford. The aim of the program is to ensure that all children benefit from medical coverage no matter what their ascribed social status. They are covered under comprehensive, affordable health insurance, regardless of family income, immigration status or health condition, (www.allkids.com, 2009). Under the program children can access hospitals, medicine and physicians when the need arises. The program recognizes the fact that every child deserves to grow up healthy without any medical discrimination. It covers doctor calls, hospitalization, prescribed drugs, optician visits, dental check-ups, eyeglasses, regular check-ups and immunization shots. Other services like medical equipment, speech therapy and physical therapy are also covered for the children in need. Anyone 18 years and below living in Illinois is a potential candidate for All Kids, provided that they are not in a position to afford regular health care from conventional programs. There is no income limit since all uninsured kids can qualify for All Kids regardless of what their parents earn. All Kids is different from the State’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Plan (Chip). CHIP is funded partly by participant premiums and partly by appropriations of the state’s General Revenue

Differences in Beliefs About the Causes of Health Disparties in Black Article

Differences in Beliefs About the Causes of Health Disparties in Black and White Nurses - Article Example The Caucasian nurses focus on genetic variables to determine the health disparities. The differences translate to different healthcare cultural competency skills trainings. The Article Reflects Good Management Practice. The principles in the article reflect good management practices. The African Americans correctly focus on the external factors in the pursuance of their healthcare activities (LaVeist, 2011). External activities affect the patients’ health. Consequently, resolving the issue of external healthcare providers enhances healthcare services. Implementing programs, improving communication and reducing discrimination in society resolve the disparities. Similarly, the Caucasian nurses focus on the genes. Gene research helps hasten the body’s recuperation process. The process indicates that some illnesses are triggered by certain gene formations. By focusing on rehabilitating the genes, the patient’s health improvement is hastened. The White nurses focus the â€Å"inner factors that are uncontrollable cause disparities (Chen et al., 2013. p. 275)†. These same nurses do not acquire external information in the patient rehabilitation process. The Caucasian nurses believe the patients’ genes triggered the ailments (LaVeist, 2011). I feel this is an important healthcare management article. The above article is important to the healthcare management process. By knowing how the African Americans think, the disparities can be address. By knowing how the Caucasian nurses think, disparities can also be address. Better understanding of the disparities between the two nursing groups will enhance the patient care outcomes. If the gene research shows that the patient’s health cannot be cured, the nurses accept the gene research findings (Chen et al., 2013). Further, the differences lead to variances in efforts to improve health conditions (Chen et al., 2013) For example, the

Special observances enhance mission readiness and unit cohesion Article

Special observances enhance mission readiness and unit cohesion - Article Example They form part of the continuous equal opportunity process of educating the relevant stakeholders. Special observances create an opportunity for the commander to promote human relations within the unit. They enhance unity within the unit, awareness, as well as, a deep understanding of the contributions that every member of the unit makes, and the unit’s accomplishments. It is the responsibility of the commander to ensure that the unit takes part in these observations. During the special observances, there is recognition of the unit’s accomplishment and achievements (Fort Jackson, 26). This boosts motivation amongst the unit members, who work towards maintaining their exceptional performance and accomplishing all that the unit has planned. It not only enhances the mission readiness, but also promotes the unit cohesion. The fact that all the members of the unit become aware of what they need to accomplish promotes the mission readiness. Additionally, after the recognition of the unit’s performance, the members continue working hard, which as well promotes the mission readiness. Being aware of what the commander expects from the unit, promotes cohesion within the unit since every member works towards achieving a common goal. Observances enhance cross-gender awareness and cross-cultural awareness. It enhances harmony amongst the members of the military, as well as, their families. All these promote cohesion within the unit. The military has members from a wide range of cultural backgrounds and, therefore, enhancing multi-cultural awareness promotes togetherness within the unit. The members of the unit work together as one team without focusing on the fact that they are from different cultural backgrounds. By bringing their families together, they recognize the fact that they share a lot in common what contributes to deepening their relationship. The members of the military not only work together while on their official duties, but as well help each other on the personal level i.e. helping each other tackle personal problems. This brings them together as one united family. Special observances are part of extensions of the training objectives. For example, by observing some tragedies that occurred in the past, the members of the military would be in a position to respond to such tragedies effectively in the future (Henderson 102). Members of the unit go through training to equip them with skills that are in line with the mission readiness. Special observations are as well part of educating the unit members about equal opportunities and other affirmative actions. This enhances cohesion and hard work within the team since it makes members recognize the fact that the unit embraces the equal opportunity affirmative actions, as well as, the fact that promotions within the unit are on merit. The focus of the observance is not only on the recognition, but also on encouraging interaction amongst the members of the unit. Interaction is critical in the unit as far as cohesion and mission readiness is concerned. For example, it is through the interaction that the members of the unit share experiences and ideas relating to not only their official duties, but also their personal lives. Interactions allow members to share their personal problems whereby all the unit members join hands to help their colleagues who are experiencing problems (Washington 59). This is one of the key ways through, which the observances promote cohesion within the unit. It is the responsibility of the commander to ensure that observances are successful and that the interaction within the unit is effective. Effective communication within the un

Writing a paper about "The Office" (us verison) Research

Writing a about "The Office" (us verison) - Research Paper Example Brown in response to an unsolicited repeat performance of a controversial, racially-themed comedy routine. It turns out that the session was held for everyone in the office, but truly, it was meant for Michael since he was the one who made the comments. Diversity is a concept that applies to all people in a particular environment, not just individuals who differ from the norm. It goes beyond just the differences to encompass the whole collective of people representing a group. Therefore, it also represents the similarities between people. There are a number of factors that can make up diversity – factors such as educational background, religion, union affiliation, seniority, physical ability, appearance, gender, and race. Some factors are organizational in nature; some are internal to a person, and some are external to a person. On its face, the diversity session that Mr. Brown tried to lead with Michael present was conducted very much of the surface level – only trying to address the racial insensitivity of Michael’s comedy routine. Instead, it misses the rich framework of other factors that define diversity in the office setting. In fact, Mr. Brown dismisses Dwight’s comment about homosexuality not bei ng a race addresses this point directly – sexual orientation is a facet of diversity that should be trained upon. Perhaps because, as Mr. Brown says, â€Å"we only have an hour†, he realizes the limitations of the scope placed on the diversity training session in terms of how much ground they can actually cover. There are a number of benefits of diversity, both for the individual as well as for the organization. At the individual level, increased diversity leads to perspective taking, intellectual engagement, and shared values with others within the group. At the organizational level, diversity can have a real impact on the mission of the organization by increasing creativity, system flexibility, and cooperation among employees. When Mr. Brown

African Americans and Politics Essay Example for Free

African Americans and Politics Essay For decades African Americans have faced struggles throughout history. Most notably, African Americans were involved in slavery, suffrage, and the civil rights movement. These struggles were very visible and everyone was aware of what was going on. However, now African Americans are involved in a struggle that it not visible and recognizable. This is a struggle that is used to capitalize on wealth and prevent African American families and individuals from living normal lives. They are involved in environmental racism. Environmental racism â€Å"refers to intentional or unintentional racial discrimination in the enforcement of environmental rules and regulations, the intentional or unintentional targeting of minority communities for the siting of polluting industries, or the exclusion of minority groups from public and private boards, commissions, and regulatory bodies. †[1] This form of racism has been plaguing African American communities for years and most people have not taken notice. There are many form of environmental racism; however, this paper will specifically address redlining, blockbusting, racial profiling, and housing segregation and how each has impacted the African American community. Redlining is the act of refusing or increasing the cost of services such as loans, insurance, banking, and access to healthcare to citizens based upon race. The practice involves taking a map and drawing a red line through neighborhoods where banks would not invest money. Redlining was used to segregate African Americans in the housing, workforce, and school market. Parents had to find work in other areas of the city because there were not any resources available in the community. Because of redlining, schools became over crowded with 50 students crammed into one classroom. With the schools overcrowded, teachers were not able to provide special attention to the needy students and other students became uncontrollable. Cathy Cohen would argue that African Americans were being marginalized in the school system. To be considered marginalized means, to have continuously been denied access to dominant resources, barred from full participation in dominant institutions, and defined as â€Å"others, â€Å" living outside the norm and values agreed upon by society (Cohen 1999). African American students were all forced to go to one school in the community to keep them out of the White schools. Along with marginalization, Blacks were, and still are, a part of a power struggle. Blacks were seen, and will always be seen, as an inferior race. Also, Blacks have been disempowered knowingly and unknowingly. African-Americans have been taken advantage of and used to make other races feel superior. Blockbusting was a practice used by real estate agents and developers in the United States to encourage white property owners to sell their homes by giving the impression that minority groups (such as African Americans) were moving into their previously racially segregated neighborhood. [2] When African Americans began to move into the inner city, fear arose that they were an economic threat. Blockbusting was also the cause of many White Americans moving into the suburbs. The practice of blockbusting involved an African American purchasing a home for very cheap in a predominately White neighborhood. The real estate broker would contact the White residents and offer to buy their houses for quick cash and resell the house to an African American family for much higher. Real estate agents claimed that African Americans moving into a predominately White neighborhood would cause property values to go down and urged White homeowners to sell as soon as possible. Real estate agents indicated that the property values would go down because African Americans would not keep up their property, avoid lawn care, and if would affect the entire neighborhood. This practice has caused major shifts in urban neighborhoods, especially Chicago, in recent decades. The Blockbusting methods were profitable and became common across the nation. For example, by 1962, when blockbusting had been in practice for fifteen years, Chicago had over 100 operators and the city had been changing an average of two to three blocks a week for several years. Blockbusting is the reason why cities such as Chicago are now predominately African American and the surrounding suburbs are predominately White. Blockbusting caused African Americans to be marginalized as well. They were denied fair participation in the housing market. Real estate agents inflated housing prices for African Americans to gain commission. White homeowners already had prejudices about African Americans and the real estate agents only made the situation worse. The stereotypes that Black families do not take care of their property was the main reason White homeowners sold their homes. Racial profiling is â€Å"the inclusion of racial or ethnic characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime or an illegal act or to behave in a predictable manner. †[3] The practice of racial profiling is a huge problem in the United States. African Americans are usually the targeted victims in the act of racial profiling. It is believed that an African American driver will be more likely stopped than a White driver. Some police officers share the belief that Black drivers will most likely possess an illegal substance of committing an illegal act. However, policemen argue that they do not base their arrests on race but are greatening their probability of a successful search. Some policemen also argue that the probability of catching a Black offender is greater than catching a White offender. Whether the statement is true or not, it places a bias on African Americans and White Americans. The belief that African Americans men are more likely to commit crimes is unfair and not true. One cannot base the behavior of all African American men on the ones that have done wrong and been imprisoned. Another belief of racial profiling is it is the cause of the racial disparities in the American prison system. There are many more African American men in the jail system than there are White men. The previous statement is mostly likely to be true. Because some policemen hold biases and have prejudices against African Americans, it will cause more African Americans to be placed in the jail system. Another instance of racial profiling involved African Americans owning nice material possessions such as a car or a house and African Americans being in a predominately White neighborhood. For example, in an episode of Family Matters, Eddie was in his car travelling through a predominately White neighborhood and was pulled over by the police for â€Å"failure to signal. † However, the routine traffic stop turned into nothing more than a beating for young Eddie. The significance of the episode shows that racial profiling does exist in the United States and it takes place every day. The practice has impacted African Americans because hundreds of innocent people have been harassed and humiliated by police officers simply because of their race. The most recent national example of environmental racism occurred when Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans in 2005. When New Orleans was flooded with tons of water, there were no relief efforts for days and almost a week. Many believed this was due to the fact that majority of the New Orleans population was African American. The population was basically ignored for days until the help decided to come. Citizens of New Orleans were faced with intentional racism and were denied help for several days. This has impacted African Americans because many people died because of the heat, starvation, and disease from the water. African-Americans have been marginalized for centuries. To be considered marginalized means, to have continuously been denied access to dominant resources, barred from full participation in dominant institutions, and defined as â€Å"others, â€Å" living outside the norm and values agreed upon by society (Cohen 1999). Most recently, African-Americans were marginalized in regards to the outbreak of HIV/AIDS. While HIV/AIDS was once considered to be the disease of white gay men, Blacks are now the center of the epidemic. With the turn of the new millennium, the outbreak of AIDS in the Black community has soared. Black men who consider themselves to be â€Å"down low† are the center of the rising epidemic. The men have intercourse with other men while continuing to have intercourse with their female partners thus spreading the AIDS virus. Even though the soaring rate is shocking, there has been limited response from the African-American community. One can argue that Blacks have been marginalized from the resources to treat the epidemic. However, the Black community seems to be ignoring the spreading AIDS virus and focusing more on electing a Black president and high blood pressure. While both electing a Black president and lowering high blood pressure are important issues, similar emphasis should be put on the rising AIDS epidemic. In a sense, African-Americans have marginalized themselves from dealing with AIDS. Continuing to turn a cold shoulder to the issue will not fix the problem. Although Blacks are being marginalized when it comes to AIDS, they are also marginalized when it comes to property and social relationships. For example, when it comes to receiving bank loans, African-Americans is marginalized heavily. Some bank loan officers practice redlining which causes Black residents, whether qualified or not, to be denied loans for property. By using the redlining technique, bank loan officers are marginalizing Blacks from being able to own their own property. Relating back to the AIDS epidemic, Black men were marginalized for having the virus. For instance, if a Black man was open about his homosexuality would be marginalized heavily. Homophobia could be a valid reason for the marginalization of Black men. With open homosexuality, an African-American could be left out from participating in activities and denied being recognized as a normal individual. Homophobia could damage an individual’s social life and leave him feeling disempowered. [4] Along with marginalization, Blacks were, and still are, a part of a power struggle. Blacks were seen, and will always be seen, as lower than Whites. Also, Blacks have been disempowered knowingly and unknowingly, which is the center of environmental racism. African-Americans have been taken advantage of and used to gain wealth and keep at the bottom of the ladder. In short, there are many types of power struggles. One does not have to see power to know that it is taking place. [5] For instance, being called an inferior race is a power struggle within itself. African-Americans that believe that they are actually inferior will begin to act that way. They will begin to doubt themselves and their abilities in life. Once they have it in their mindset that they are inferior, it will cause them to act that way. Housing Segregation is â€Å"the practice of denying African American or other minority groups equal access to housing through the process of misinformation, denial of realty and financing services, and racial steering. †[6] The act of housing discrimination involves real estate agents and landlords not providing African American families with an accurate account of available housing. Housing segregation happens when landlords and real estate agents lure White Americans to available housing only in white communities, and African Americans to Black or diverse and mixed communities. The realtor and landlord usually work together in the process and will agree not to tell the African Americans about the available units in the European American communities. This process goes back to the assumption that African Americans residents will bring down the property value of homes in the neighborhood because they will not take care of their own property. Housing segregation is intentional racism that excludes African Americans from participating fairly in the housing market. Black families should be able to live wherever they please without regardless of the demographics of the neighborhood. With all that African Americans have been through, environmental racism should not be ignored or taken lightly. People should take heed to the practice and fight for what is right. All of the above forms of environmental racism have plagued the African American community. It has caused a major shift in the urban cities such as Chicago. Real estate agents have inflated the costs of housing for Black families moving into predominantly White areas. African American families can fight the issues by becoming more aware of their surroundings and becoming familiar with the practices. They can hire good lawyers to defend them and fight for justice. With regards to the AIDS epidemic, African Americans have been marginalized when it comes to resources and thus leads to environmental racism. African American of the new generation, as a whole, should stand together and fight the justice that was promised to them in the United States Constitution. [1] Dictionary. com [2] Dictionary. com [3] Dictionary. com [4] Cathy J. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness (The University of Chicago Press) 47-48. [5] John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness (The University of Illinois Press) 1-32. [6] Dictionary. com.

Political Corruption and Empowerment Essay Example for Free

Political Corruption and Empowerment Essay Participation is dynamic process aimed at involving the masses so that they can formulate their own end goals and work together to realise them. Masses cannot be forced to participate in projects which affect their lives but should be given the opportunity where possible. Empowerment Empowerment is an initiated process that enables the masses to gain power and extend it in such a way that they can use this power to share in changing social, economic and political structures. Empowerment is successful if the participants regard the result of their action as beneficial. Therefore participation is a cornerstone of empowerment. It is a prerequisite for achieving empowerment. Empowerment is one of the consequences of participation, which means that if we want masses to gain power, they must participate. Empowerment is generally seen as a key for good quality of life, increased human dignity, good governance, pro-poor growth, project effectiveness and improved service delivery (Narayan. 2002. 8.). Bureaucracy It means the structure and set of regulations that control the activities of people that work for these organizations. It is characterized by standardized procedure (rule-following), formal division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. Bureaucratic leader are concerned with ensuring workers follow rules and procedures accurately and consistently. The bureaucracy does not create or initiate policy, but it does implement policy decisions. Why mass participation and empowerment are important Empowerment puts people at the centre of the development process; it implies a participatory approach to development focusing on bottom-up approaches rather than top-down bureaucratic methods. Empowerment increases the capabilities of the poor to influence and hold accountable the institutions that provide for them. To this end, empowerment attempts to give power and knowledge to rural communities to assist in creating a better quality of life, so that in the future they will have the skills to rely less on external forces to provide vital services and infrastructure. Mass participation is an essential part of the process of good local governance, and empowerment. To be meaningful, these processes must be seen as fundamental values of Healthy Cities and so must be developed as an integral part of long-term strategic development. Empowerment of mass is associated with cleaner business and government, and better governance. Specifically, the greater their involvement in public life, the lower the level of corruption, even in countries with the same income, civil liberties, education, and legal institutions. Masses Empowerment through inclusion, voice, and accountability can also promote social cohesion and trust, qualities that help reduce corruption, reinforce government and project performance, and provide a conducive environment for reform, with consequential benefits for development effectiveness and economic growth. Finally, empowerment or lack of it can also have positive or negative socio-political effects on the outcomes of countries’ poverty reduction efforts. Why the concept of mass participation has been illusive in the third world There are some serious failures of the international community to contribute meaningfully to empowerment and participatory approaches. If countries are not willing to support countries that need help, then the future is bleak. Aid allocations need to increase if meaningful solutions are to occur. Making the rural poor involved in empowerment and participatory programs is hard to achieve due to their social exclusion. The gap between the poor in rural areas and those who are more wealthy is large and widening Because the rural poor are socially excluded, often development organisations such as the World Bank think of the poor are ignorant and complacent. More often they are not excluded from participating in projects in a meaningful way, due to pre existing biased views that they are not worthy, or indeed, have the skills to participate effectively. (Courtney et all in Godinot and Wodon (ed). 2006. 3). Lack of empowerment amongst rural people leads to their vulnerability and thus most development projects tend to benefit the benefactors rather than the beneficiaries. In light of this sustainable development is not achieved because non-participation of local people means that rural development is not self-sustaining. Therefore, local rural people play an important role in rural development because they understand their situation and problems better than the government, aid agencies and other stakeholders. This highlights the gap between the reality and ideal of empowerment and participatory development where the poor themselves are considered the centre of the process and the most vital players. Rural areas in developing countries experience large problems associated with access to basic amenities and services. Attempts to resolve this situation involve development programs using community empowerment in rural areas of developing nations to ameliorate instances of poverty. The aspirations deep inside the poor can only be brought out by making them the centre of the development process. They have difficulty expressing them due to their exclusion. How mass participation and empowerment are promoted or discouraged by the action of bureaucracy The problem with bureaucracy is that Executives want to control everything; even the simplest administrative decision has to be approved at the top. . One problem is unnecessary delays in outputs (Waterston 1965:259) , for even though there are more than enough officials in the lower administrative ranks, they are not effectively employed in the posts to which they were appointed. Political involvement of officials – when bureaucracy becomes involved in politics, this stimulates corruption. Officials start taking decision and performing actions that will benefit themselves, or groups in which they have an interest. Corruption is out of control. Development funds are siphoned off to hire friends or relatives. In some cases the money simply disappears. The misuse of office by government functionaries is relatively common in areas of public procurement, revenue collection, government appointments and contracts, licensing and permits. In these areas of specialty, graft and venality are readily executed through anyone of the following activities: The civil servant receives from a private contractor a fixed percentage of awarded government contracts; the kickback may be in kind, such as free education for the children in foreign institutions, or in cash, paid directly into bank account. Police or other law enforcement agents use the threat of sanctions to extort bribes in lieu of official fees or taxes. But paying bribes to avoid taxes or fees is equally damaging to society since governments depend on such revenues to provide public goods. The relative absence of revenues from taxes and fees also means less compensation for civil servants, which leads to more corrupt practices. One of the reasons adduced by low- level government employees for demanding bribes is the infrequency of their monthly salary. Government employees in essential services, e.g. law enforcement, electric power supply, telecommunication etc. Customs agents insist on payments above the official rates or side payments before providing requisite services to both importers and exporters. Those unwilling to pay bribes stand the chance of losing their merchandise through forfeiture or theft. Civil servants award large contracts to companies owned by relatives or partners, and in return receive an agreed upon fee or lavish hospitality. Officials responsible for permits and licenses demand extra payment for services ordinarily called for by their office; in cases where expediency is requested, a great deal more is demanded to speed-up the process. Bureaucracies’ themselves create the causes of corruption. Salaries are low, housing is poor, officials lack professional qualification and status, all of which means that officials do not feel motivated to do good work, or to be loyal to the organisation. When a country’s resources are continually misallocated by corrupt government officials bent on maximizing their short-run selfish interests, development is severely hindered through a multitude of social and economic dislocations. The bureaucracy is unresponsive to the needs of the public; there is an atmosphere of official’s indifference and unsympathetic attitude toward the needs of the people. This is caused by the strictly centralised nature of the bureaucracies, the lack of mass participation and consequent lack of contact with the populace. A bureaucracy, crucially, is not only a structure, a mere organigramme with functional relationships and roles. It is a group of people with lives, emotions, aspirations, energy, passion and values. Those that work in them often have strong values, great intentions and good ideas. Most want to do good and not be negative. Somehow, however, good intent can evaporate as the dynamic of the organizational ‘system’ unfolds. Can the positive virtues and potential of public sector bureaucracies and the people working in them be rediscovered? These include fostering fairness, equity, and equality of opportunity, being neutral and transparent. These are important achievements of democracy, yet the focus on efficiency can obscure these intentions. The most effective organizations are those where people feel they can be engaged and where their commitment to the organization lies beyond a contractual relationship and where a deeper emotional bond can be established both to the work itself and the organization. In these situations people feel they are able ’to be our true selves’ and to have a ‘creative presence’ so that working gives the sense of ‘pregnant possibilities’ and where they can develop ‘an intensity that feels and appears effortless’. Here energy and passion can come into alignment. Conclusion /My view The participation of communities in development projects is a major aspect of an empowering approach. Participation works well at the small scale. Community based organisations if trained correctly can manage and supervise locally based construction and maintenance activities very effectively (Meshack. 2004. 61). There is a fine balance between success and failure of participation in that it needs to be locally based with little input from external forces. Governments and donors can in fact undermine contributions made by the community in that they take over projects and locals lose their sense of ownership (Meshack. 2004. 61). Participation in development projects does however need outside stakeholders but the community needs to be the one driving the project, as there are many people who can contribute to a development project. Empowerment involves expanding the capabilities of the poor. Its main process involves putting the community at the centre of the development process. The community becomes empowered due to the fact that they have a certain degree of control over their own resources, they gain a sense of ownership over the service or infrastructure being provided. One of the main concepts involved in creating efficient empowering projects include the access of the community to information, as informed citizens make better development decisions. Accountability in the development process is another crucial aspect of an empowering approach. Increasing the capabilities of the poor specifically refers to local organisational capacity. This is when a community works together to mobilise resources and tackle problems as a group. This is another major process involved in community empowerment.

Effectiveness Of The Early Intervention Approach

Effectiveness Of The Early Intervention Approach Within this essay I am not going to list the reasons to believe in the effectiveness of the early intervention approach. The usefulness of early intervention itself is not in dispute. I will, however, be discussing the strengths and weaknesses of different types of early intervention. I will discuss the reasons to believe that some intervention schemes are better than others concerning ways to handle social issues. This essay will discuss the definitions of the terms used in the title. I will look at the motivations behind the schemes and discuss ways of analysing their effectiveness. In relation to the importance of child participation and the amplification of childrens voices, I would also like to look at childrens views on their own situations and why they feel like they should engage in acts that would qualify as a social issue. Defining the key words Using the term social issue in reference to children and families tends to suggest childhood delinquency, drug abuse, violence, teenage pregnancy, crime and etcetera. The word issue implies that there is a problem that should be dealt with; an issue is not an acceptable or desired means of behaviour and it opposes the social ideal. However, many questions arise concerning who has created the definition of this ideal. The language used in the title suggests that the ideal consists of the eradication of all social issues. (which the Government has highlighted.) Used in CTC Effectiveness is an expression that is used by the Government when evaluating early intervention. In the UK, The government drives forward the need for evaluation and assessment of early years practices (Lewis Utting, 2001). It is a commonly held assumption that to achieve the goals of evidence-based practice and cost-effectiveness, evaluation is a necessity, not a luxury (Ghate, 2001, p23). Preventative early intervention initiatives have become more common since the arrival of the New Labour government in the late 1990s (Ghate, 2001). Whether they are led by the government or by other organisations, an early intervention programme generally has the aim of reducing negative social outcomes the children may contribute to when they grow up. Within this essay, I will be using examples of two different types of early intervention scheme: government-led and community-led. Different types of intervention Government-led Throughout the 1990s, there was a growing recognition that wider social, political and economic factors were negatively influencing the families and communities that children grew up in (Hannon Fox, 2005; Glass, 2001). Shortly after New Labour was elected to power in 1997, Tony Blair stated that by 2010, the number of children living in poverty within the UK would be halved and by 2020 it would be eradicated ( ). As a result of this, the New Labour government introduced a number of early intervention initiatives with the aim of reducing social exclusion due to poverty (Clarke, 2007). The New Labour government has shown a serious commitment to the early intervention approach, having invested hundreds of millions of pounds into one initiative in particular: Sure Start (Hannon Fox, 2005). To begin with, Sure Start was targeted primarily at working with parents of young children from the most socio-economically deprived areas in the UK. By doing this, therefore, the government aimed to potentially tackle future issues that their children might create. One statement of Sure Starts intentions is described by Clarke (2007); (Sure Start aims to avoid) social exclusion in adulthood, primarily by enabling children to realise their potential within the education systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (p.699). Sure Start reflects its aim by working both directly and indirectly with the child; directly by providing such things as pre-school childcare; and indirectly by providing services for parents and the wider community (Belsky Melhuish, 2007). Other government early intervention approaches that have been introduced since 1997 with the aim to break the cycle of poverty include: child tax credits, working tax credits and child benefits. Government policies and green papers such as Every Child Matters (2003) support the early intervention approaches by outlining the standards for child well-being and suggesting guidelines to help professionals reach these standards. The 2007 Childrens Plan recognises the importance of providing support for parents, in order to gain their enthusiasm for their childs education. Parental enthusiasm and involvement is a key factor when trying to initiate an intervention scheme ( ). Government programmes and large scale intervention programmes such as Communities That Care (CTC) are not the only types of early intervention. Communities themselves have long developed programmes that tackle issues important to them. Sure Start was to be focussed on relatively small areas of need, reflecting the desirability of action at the level of communities (Hannon Fox, 2005, p3) Community-led Non-government led organisations have been set up all over the country in response to different communities needs. One example is Kids Company, a charity which aims to provide practical, emotional and educational support to vulnerable inner-city children and young people (Kids Company Website, 2008). This statement seems very similar to the one Sure Start uses. Kids Companys methods of early intervention, however, differ significantly from those of Sure Start. Kids Companys effectiveness lies in its provision of innovative, flexible and child-centred services. Kids Company provides targeted therapeutic and social work interventions, and universal class and group access to the arts. (Gaskell, 2008, p4) Personal relationships with people they are reaching. Self-referal. Accessibility is an important factor for intervention schemes. If parents or children do not access intervention (whether it be through choice or lack of knowledge) The assumption is that behind every child is a responsible adult, who will navigate the path to services (Camilla Batmanghelidjh, 2006, p15). Sadly, the truth for many children who would benefit most from intervention services is that their main carers are not willing or cannot be bothered (uninterested?) to allow their child to attend (Batmanghelidjh, 2006). Motivations behind intervention schemes Politics Childrens welfare? Money The intention for the Sure Start initiative was that it should be based on the best evidence of what works (Glass, 2001, p14). Lack of funds can mean that some children get overlooked by local authorities and social services. In her book, Camilla Batmanghelidjh (2006) describes coming into contact with children who were suffering from lack of food and neglect, referring these children to social services, but discovering that they were not eligible for help due to lack of resources and too many cases of sexual and physical abuse. Many children drop out of the education system and are never pursued by the system because the behavioural and emotional difficulties of the children are too much of a burden to school staff (Batmanghelidjh, 2006). Many interrelated factors place children at risk of adopting behaviour that could be seen as a social issue. Many children who already practice such behaviour are likely to have been conditioned by their familys socio-economic circumstances. Socially unacceptable behaviours can lead to social exclusion, which can, in turn, result in the next generations social exclusion (Clarke, 2007). Childrens attitudes, achievements and behaviour are shown to be linked to the environment in which they grow up in. The largest influence is shown to be that of the family (Parton, 2007). Talk about EPPE. The key, when looking at dealing with social issues, lies in tackling the underlying factors. This could be by the means of providing services and/or resources. These factors include poverty, poor nutrition, emotional neglect and underachievement. There is an overall understanding that these factors cannot be isolated from one another (find evidence). Intervention is a term that suggests that an outside source will come in to intervene with whatever is going on and disappear again once too issue is fixed or eradicated. Analysing effectiveness (research) Evaluating larger scale early intervention programmes Early Effects of CTC (Hawkins et al, 2008) Reports positive effects, but the results are quantitative looking at if the children have taken drugs or shown signs of delinquent behaviour. Not looking at the childrens views of how the project may have changed their lives issues such as being listened to, valued and feeling part of the community. if services cannot specify what changes they expect to see for `successful users, evaluators certainly cannot measure them, let alone pass judgement on whether the service has proved effective. (Ghate, 2001, p25) Strengths of early intervention approaches imply that these are the reasons for perceived effectiveness. Contrary to the strengths of early intervention projects, their weaknesses reveal the space for improvement within the services. The New Labour government has introduced several interventions that aim to benefit families. Much research would support the idea that early intervention schemes such as Sure Start have a positive benefit on childrens well-being ( ), but how far can research reflect the true picture of what is happening to under-privileged children in this country? This pressure to measure a settings effectiveness can detract from the amount of time practitioners can spend with the children: Time and energy is, therefore, increasingly sapped from those providing services to fill in forms for external purposes, rather than supporting children. (Lewis and Utting, 2001, p4). Ironically, this could negatively affect the effectiveness of the intervention. Accessibility- If many people are accessing services, then the likelihood of them having an impact is increased. Alternatively, if there are not enough staff members to meet the needs of the attendees, then the likelihood of effectiveness is inevitably decreased. Before an educational outcome there needs to be an emotional one (Batmanghelidjh, 2006, p23). Successful outcomes or effectiveness of an intervention service are not instantly noticeable. It may take years for disturbed children to engage in behaviour they were previously unable to. Their outcomes are personal, and their successes are often individual and emotional first, before they become visible in the world of academia and work. (Batmanghelidjh, 2006, p 22) The problem with presenting outcomes in the way that they are being demanded is that clinicians try and exclude children from their services who are likely not to provide positive outcomes. p.23 This is not through cruelty, though, but because the clinician relies on the money they earn for doing their job effectively. Money is essentially the reason why so many children do not receive the services they should. Children are being dehumanised by being treated as statistics that keep adults in their jobs. So many of our current interventions with vulnerable children come from the perspective of the well-adjusted adult, needing to preserve our own sense of safety. (p 153) Short-term initiatives, where the practitioner enters the childs situation, offers a quick-fix cure and then disappears again, are merely cosmetic. This kind of intervention offers no real solution to the issues that disadvantaged children face. The government thrive on statistics that have been distorted to reflect their political goal (find some). The public want statistics to show them that issues are being resolved. It is to do with how committed people are to seeing change. Short-term initiatives are ineffective, due to the fact that people are complex beings. Effective early intervention programmes have recognised the need to build relationships with the people behind the issues. Conclusion Children who carry out anti-social behaviour are sometimes referred to as being delinquent (Hawkins, 2008). This reflects the medical model of disability, that which implies that the fault lies within the child and needs to be fixed. The aim of some early intervention programmes can be to benefit wider society rather than the child. Blair (2008) spoke of a new political initiative that would identify those most at risk of offending at birth. This kind of intervention would not be beneficial to the child. Being labelled from birth as a potential offender could produce a self-fulfilling prophesy. The most effective early intervention programmes are those that make a commitment to the children themselves; that aim to make them feel valued as members of society and offer them the best opportunities. Many of the early intervention programmes explored, such as Communities That Care (CTC) concentrate on notions of bringing the community together and building social capital from within the community. We cannot expect children to act as responsible members of the community unless they are treated as such. Not just gathering their views but involving them, involving them in planning and developing of programmes as will see constant criticism from the children is nothing actually happens Disenchantment The delinquent child (Hawkins, 2008) Looking at how the child is framed within early intervention programmes. Is it to make them feel valued, important and give them the best opportunities? Or is it to sort them out for the sake of wider society? Government initiatives: Identifying those at risk of offending at birth (Blair, 2008). Fits with governments crack-down on anti-social behaviour and ASBOs. More positive: Sure Start, parenting programmes. Want to prevent the problems before they start, but such approaches label the child before they have even offended. This is likely to alienate them further from society. Not helpful! Distribution of power CTC Programme is systematically applied from the outside Community driven and the community identifies problems they believe need addressing But, research by (Brown et al 2007) into the Community Youth Development Study: Leaders were those who already held leadership positions i.e. mayors, city managers, police chiefs, school superintendents. These were the people who were interviewed, alongside five referred leaders No effort to break down power relationships. Study itself is not representative. We do not hear the views of different community members. Older respondents and those from law enforcement were more likely to report higher baseline levels of collaboration than younger respondents or those from other community sectors (Brown et al 2007). So again criminal justice system taking the lead. Ultimately, people sacrificing their time and finances can do such impressive things for the need of their communities. And I think thats what our world is desperately in need of lovers, people who are building deep, genuine relationships with fellow strugglers along the way, and who actually know the faces of the people behind the issues they are concerned about. Shane Claiborne (The Irresistible Revolution, 2006) Define what can be meant by social issues in this essay. What does it mean to deal with social issues? What is effectiveness? How can we measure such a relative/ idiosyncratic thing? What types of early intervention are there? Government programs Surestart Voluntary sector- charity work/ people choosing to live in disadvantaged community to help change for the better. Education? Therapists? Health? NHS, midwives, health visitors etc. What reasons are there to believe that these methods work? CTC data (large no.s of opinion surveys do these fully reflect true picture?) Case studies? Government studies (truly reliable? Short term? Who are they financed by and for what purpose?) What alternative approaches are there to early intervention?! (What are we comparing early intervention to to make the assumption that it is the most effective approach to deal with social issues? Other countries (Norway and Sweden) Are families engaging with intervention projects? Non-engagement (Anning and Ball 2008) Intervention or need of resources Arnold et al (2003): Specific needs of communities and the individuals themselves within such communities need to be addressed. Great diversity of needs It is the environment that needs changing not the individual. Brown et al (2007) CTC organizes the adoption of a science-based approach to prevention into five stages that correspond to Rogers (1995) stages of innovation diffusion. Each stage is guided by a set of milestones and benchmarks that are used to monitor CTC implementation p181 Diffusion is the process through which (1) an innovation (2) is communicated through certain channels (3) over time (4) among the members of a social system (Rogers, 1995). Most individuals evaluate an innovation, not on the basis of scientific research by experts, but through the subjective evaluations of near-peers who have already adopted the innovation. Diffusion is essentially a social process through which people talking to people spread an innovation.

Tropical Rain Forest Soils of La Selva Essay -- Ecology Wildlife Natur

Tropical Rain Forest Soils of La Selva Tropical rain forests across the globe are currently threatened by massive deforestation for logging, grazing, and cultivation (Otzen 1993). Such land-use practices alter temperature regimes (Fernandes and Sanford 1995) as well as ground, soil, and surface water, flora, fauna, and microorganisms (Otzen 1993). These changes may result in a loss of soil organic matter, a decrease in soil fertility (Garcia-Oliva et al. 1994, Tissen et al. 1994), severe soil erosion (Otzen 1993), and changes in soil structure and chemistry (Fernandes and Sanford 1995, Sollins et al. 1995, Montgagnini and Sancho 1994.) The response of tropical rain forest soils to deforestation depends upon the specific properties of the soils as well as the type of use they are subject to. La Selva Biological Station, located in north-central Costa Rica and containing a mixture of pasture, second growth, and intact forest, provides an excellent opportunity to study the effects of deforestation on examples of three soil orders--Entisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols. Although limited studies have been conducted on the impact of deforestation on soils in this area, a knowledge of their properties may help predict the nature of the changes that would occur due to deforestation. Such changes will determine whether or not rejuvenation of the rain forest is possible. All soils at La Selva are derived from volcanic parent material. This material came primarily from eroded lava flows, although some material was carried in lahars. At higher elevations, soil parent material consists of lava weathered in place. Both alluvial and colluvial deposits cover the lower elevations, however, which include river terraces of various ages. Mos... ...s: Biogeochemistry (Dordrecht) 6: 181-89. Sollins P., Sancho, Freddy, Mata, Rafael, Sanford, Robert L. Jr., 1994, Soils and soil process research, pages 34-53 in McDade, L. A.; K.S. Bawa; H.A. Hespenheide; and G.S. Hartshorn (eds.), La Selva Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 486 p. Tidall, J.M. and J.M. Oades, 1982, Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soil: Journal of Soil Science 33: 141-63. Tissen, H., E. Cuevas, P. Chacon. 1994. The role of soil organic matter in sustaining soil fertility. Nature 371: 783-785. Uehara, G. and G. Gillman, 1981, The Mineralogy, Chemistry, and Physics of Tropical Soils with Variable Charge Clays: Boulder, Colorado, Westview press. Vitousek, P.M. 1984. Litterfall nutrients cycling and nutrient limitation in tropical forests. Ecology 65: 285-298.

Corruption in the Canturbury Tales by Gefforey Chaucer Essay -- greed,

The Canterbury Tales, penned by Geoffrey Chaucer gives its audiences insight on the corruption that exists to this day in humanity. As you read through the chapters Chaucer reveals the dark sides to supposedly respectable people such as the Summoner, along with people he favors like the Knight, the Wife of Bath, and women in general. His comical descriptions and stories that coincide with each character express his thoughts on real people in his society. My perception of the Summoner’s tale moral is that greed is the root of all evil. The Summoners tale introduces us to a greedy Friar who only begs at the homes of the rich. Instead of praying for the people he meets the Friar erases their names from his tablet after taking advantage of their accommodations and stealing their money. When the greedy Friar makes a stop at Thomas’ home he is greeted by his troubled wife who had recently lost her child, the Friar sees the wife’s vulnerability as an opportunity to make more money and tells her he had a vision of her son in heaven. This leads to Thomas’s wife reaching out to the Friar about her dieing husband being in a nasty mood. Thomas sees the Friars transparency so he questions him about his health â€Å"God knows† said Thomas, I feel no benefit therefrom. So help me, Christ, in the few years I have spent many a pound on all sorts of Friars, yet I never get better. Truly, I have almost used up my mon ey. Farewell by gold it is all gone!† (Page 192-193)The Friar then turns the tables on Thomas and blames his illness on him giving money to other friars â€Å"Why does a man who has a perfect physician need to seek other doctors in the town? Your infidelity has ruined you. Do you think that it insufficient that I, or rather our group, should pra... ...d fair, And take your chance on those who will repair To your house now and then because of me (Or to some other place, it may well be). Choose for yourself the one you'd rather try." (Pages 1119-1125) The Knight seems to have learned his lesson for he leaves the decision up to the old woman, the story ends with the Knight living happily ever after with is beautiful and faithful wife. This story reflects on how strongly Chaucer believed in women’s rights because it reveals women’s desires and opinions. In conclusion, The Canterbury Tales reflects Geoffrey Chaucer’s view on medieval society. From his writings we are able to visualize and learn about different social classes’ from an honest point of view. The Knight, the Wife of Bath, and women character we greatly favored throughout the tales while others were highly unlikeable. Works Cited the cantubury tales

Power of Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe :: Uncle Toms Cabin

The Effective Story in Uncle Tom’s Cabin  Ã‚         Harriet Beecher Stowe, a northern abolitionist, published her best-selling novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. Uncle Tom’s Cabin contracts the many different attitudes that southerners as well as northerners shared towards slavery. Generally, it shows the evils of slavery and the cruelty and inhumanity of the peculiar institution, in particular how masters treat their slaves and how families are torn apart because of slavery.    The novel centers around a pious slave, Uncle Tom, and how he is sold over and over again. It shows the different attitudes that Tom’s masters share about slavery, and how their slaves should be treat. It also teaches Christian values as well as family values. At the time of its publication, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was an immediate success and one of biggest sellers of all time. Despite the fact that Stowe induces her own personal opinions, with the very little experience she has had with slaves, she delivers a magnificent novel which is still enjoyed by many modern readers today. The time of her novel’s publication was very important. It was published at the peak of the abolitionist movement, in the 1850’s. It proved to be very effective propaganda for the abolitionist cause, which Stowe openly supported.    Stowe is trying to prove to the reader that slavery is wrong and nothing short of evil and cruel. She does an effective job at proving her point, while delivering a superb novel at the same time. Stowe is constantly tying to prove that slavery is evil. She opens the novel, by showing two slave owners, making a business deal. Mr. Shelby is in debt to Haley, so he must sell Uncle Tom and Harry, tearing them apart from their families. Stowe shows a young slave woman, Eliza and her affection for her son Harry, when she decides to take her son and run away. This disputes the common belief of the time that slaves mothers has less affection for their youth than white women. Uncle Tom is sold again to the carefree Augustine St. Clare whos philosophy is â€Å"Why save time or money, when there's plenty of both?† Uncle Tom receives good treatment at the St. Clare’s, which proves that the novel is not one-sided, showing that their where kind slave owners. However Uncle Tom is sold again, this time up the Red River to the â€Å"devil† Simon Legree.

Lincoln High School

For most students at Lincoln High School, today is no different than any other regular school day. For me however, it’s the day I’ve been looking forward to for over a month. Today is the day when our hard work during numerous evening rehearsals pays off. Today is the day when the hundreds of hours put into making costumes, building the set, and intricate make up designs are displayed. Today is the day we open the show. One by one the students filter into the theater room. For the first evening performance, call is at 5:00, but by the time I’ve arrived at 4:30 room 220 is already filled with students busily preparing for the show. Costumes begin to disappear from the costume closet and a thin layer of powder and cream makeup appears on the counter. I manage to squeeze my way through the mob of people standing around, chatting, applying makeup, or curling hair and find myself a wonderful seat in front of the mirror. As I sit down I’m overcome with a thick, chocking cloud of hairspray. Over the next hour students slowly transform into their characters, no longer the same people who walked through the door earlier this evening. The director enters and shouts â€Å"Twenty minutes until show!† Myself, and everyone one else in the theater room echoes in response, â€Å"Thank you twenty!† You can almost feel the level of excitement rising. The chattering gets a little louder. Soon after the announcement, the cast gather around the tables and began to stretch. The chattering dies down, and I begin to reflect over what we’ve accomplished over the last month and a half. Five minutes until the show starts. Everyone circles up and join hands so the seniors can continue on the tradition of â€Å"The Energy Circle†. â€Å"Are you ready?† Everyone replies in their stage whisper, â€Å"Yeahhhhh!† â€Å"Then let’s get ready to rumble!† The wave is started around the circle. It goes around once, twice, and than dies out. It’s time to report to our places. As everybody waits, cramped in the wings of the stage, my mind begins to race with questions. What if I forget my line? What if I miss a cue? My thoughts are intercepted with the dimming of the lights. Black out. Everyone quickly, but quietly gets into their opening position and freezes. The lights come up, and the show begins. Time starts to fly by. We are performing the show better than at any rehearsal. Before I know it I’m taking a bow. The crowd is cheering wildly. The lights go out and the cast exits off stage. Only moments later, the senior dip begins to fill with parents, grandparents, siblings, and friends. I am overjoyed to see some of my friends, and immediately I am bombarded with hugs and positive reviews. Soon, people begin to pull away from their family and friends because there are duties and chores that need to be taken care of before anyone can leave. Costumes are gathered, neatly hung up and the makeup grime is wiped off of the counter. The floor is moped, the tables are cleaned, and the chairs are pushed in, ready for students in class tomorrow. The room is spotless, and we are allowed to go home and rest to prepare for another show tomorrow night.

Consider the representation of women in James Bond films

Since 1962, when the off break up record was produced, a wide-cut of 22 James vex exposures put unriv ein truth(a)ed(a) ein truthplace been made. The James join franchise has buy the farm extremely popular and headspring up-kn aver alto get a foresightedher(prenominal) e genuinelyplace the world. Although each adopt is peculiar in its stimulate bureau and the p galvanic pile line differs from film to film, in that respect atomic number 18 veritable generic features that withstand collide with roughly things the auditory modality recognises and put ups to mystify in on the whole dumbfound films. These features include ordnance labors, motorcar pr travelises ( comm tho featuring an Aston Martin), exotic locations, gadgets, villains and last, al matchless surely non least, misfires. tout ensemble of these things patch up up a broad of flummox cocktail that the sense of hearing of these films has eff to hit the sack and that has made thes e films as successful as they argon. Umberto Eco described the coalition narrative as, a series of moves on a deceiver board, with reputations playing out their usual functions. This refers to how the bond certificate films tot totallyy ache comparable pieces or ingredients and they each com handsce a incision to play to make up this hold fast cocktail slip a steeringle how chess pieces all have diverse moves they female genital organland make. whizz of the slightly alpha of those generic features is the flummox lady friends. hold young chars besides have certain criteria that the listening expects them to fulfill in the films and they have be have famous for. The connotations of the term sequester misfires be comm only(prenominal) attr brisk, desirable and cozyly available, curiously to impound. However, puzzle is often foregathern to expend the wo hands as playthings for his frolic that he often sleeps with and and accordingly discards. They ar regularly portrayed as wanting holds security measure and acting in a genuinely peaceful and submissive room towards beat.However, it is debatable as to whether this is not the faux pas with all wo hands in seize films and some volume believe that mediocre about trammel wowork force argon liberated and they use flummox themselves rather than it cosmosness the other counsel round. The definition of liberated is not fountain by tralatitious or intimate roles and for this to apply to the wo homoly examples in stay films they would have to avoid fulfilling their traditional roles in the films. The traditional role of wo custody would be as housewives that stay at home and do domestic line of acidulates while the men go out to work.In inner hurt women would traditionally get married and settle eat and besides have k straightledgeable relations with virtuoso man. A great(p) traditional role of women is that they ar reciprocal ohm to men and men arg on to a greater extent dominant and have post oer women. Two alliance films whither women play truly large move and be sharpencased in a number of different slip flair ar, sumptuousfinger and The ball Is non Enough. Goldfinger was prototypical c e actuallyplaceed in 1964 and was one of the first impound films produced at a judgment of conviction when auditions were proficient being introduced to the fastening cocktail and rattling much specifi tidy sumcely, bind girls.The base follows truss as he tries to pervert the plans of the villain Goldfinger who aims to contaminate all the metal(prenominal) in Fort Knox so that his own favourable increases dramati grousey in apprize. This would ill damage the world economy and lodge has to s pass by Goldfinger from detonating a nuclear turkey in order to save the gold. One of the main women in this film is septic galore(postnominal) she is a pilot employed by Goldfinger that is repeatedly curbn the frolic o f escorting and taking tending of shackle, to begin with ex revision sides, with cleaves influence, and assisting to s prime Goldfinger.The other two women that play signifi provoket move in the film atomic number 18 sisters, Jill and Tilly Masterson. Jill ab initio whole kit for Goldfinger, in the beginning befittinging with beat and thuslyce being bug outed by Goldfinger as punishment. pursuance this, Tilly attempts to murder Goldfinger for r pointge however she becomes voluminous with stick to in the process before the ilkwise being push droped by Goldfingers henchman, Odd put-on. The universe of discourse Is not Enough was released around 40 geezerhood later in 1999, sum it was aimed at a much than modern earshot and this is visible throughout the film.The storyline is similar to that of Goldfinger, as a villain (this fourth dimension a man called Renard) is attempting to blow up a stretch of vegetable oil electron tube line with a nuclear flunk, meaning the only supply of oil can come through one work. This pipeline is owned by Elektra King who is initially meant to be loose and under adhesions cling toion until it is revealed she is working with Renard. puzzle consequently faces the task of stopping the bomb with the helper of a nuclear physicist called Dr. Christmas Jones.Apart from Christmas and Elektra thither is one other cleaning lady that has a enlarged role in the film and that is M (head of MI6) which contrasts with Goldfinger in which M was a man. In the 1960s the roles of women were changing a lot. During the Second earthly concern War women had been given the opportunity to go and do mens jobs in concomitantories as the men were abroad fighting the war. by and by this women began to move closer to equating with men and they inceptioned to have their own freedom. They were no long-term mediocre housewives that were inferior to men and this locating continued into the 1960s.In Goldfinger th is is visible because the women in kitty Galores f untruth carnival atomic number 18 pilots, which is kind-hearted of a difficult and mixed job. However, in that location ar withal parts of this film that memorialise that women may not have reached masterly equality with men except, as some of the female theatrical roles push through weak both(prenominal) physically and mentally and are go a path out of all- crucial(a) yetts. Feminism is all about recognizing the need for women to have equality with men and feminists work to create that equality.In history in that location have been three major waves of feminism and one of those took place ripe aft(prenominal) the Second beingness War, continuing up until the start of the 60s. This surge in women candidacy for equality worked alongside the item that women had proved themselves in mens jobs during the war and, although some men dis managed it, women did make a precise large step towards undecomposed equalit y with men. In the 1990s, attitudes towards women had transmitd tear subjugate much(prenominal) than than(prenominal) and were precise similar to today.Women had equality with men and could pretty much do each job that would have before been seen as a job purely for men. This is bulgeancen in The World Is not Enough where Dr. Christmas Jones is a nuclear physicist which is an extremely hard job and she mustiness be real intelligent to do it. However, some of the stick with girls in the film hush up depend to just be apply as put forwardual objects by alinement and this would apprise they are not fully liberated despite gain equality with men. Two key parts of both the films are the open credits.In Goldfinger images from the film are projected onto the consistency of a char cleaning char charr, who is painted in gold, employ multi-layering. The connotations of gold are things kindred valued and artistically-pleasing and this could be a metaphorical symbo l for women, as the girl is motionless and precise passive so she does surface to be something to be carriageed at and appreciated visually. Gold is similarly a high value commodity that can be bought and change and this could alike symbolise women being al around like possessions that men can own and that they can be bought and traded.However, the women is besides eating away a two-piece suit, which was a fashionable compass point of clothing in the 60s and could be cadaverous just to emphasise that the woman is to be verbalismed at because it is a precise(prenominal) unc e realplace piece of clothing. But, this could in like manner translate the sacking of women because it shows the more liberal attitude of the 60s that allowed women to be more open and free cozyly. The opening credits in The World Is Not Enough differ slightly from those in Goldfinger as there is this instant more than one girl and they are cover in oil rather than gold.This shows that the fil m is more modern, as oil is probably now as, if not more, valuable than gold and this style that it has the same mixture of connotations as gold it is rattling expensive and precious. However, these titles contrast to those in Goldfinger because the women are a lot more active and are dancing, just they are dancing in preferably a provocative way which could mean the audience is being invited to look at them and approve them, which is similar to Goldfinger.The girls are also in all naked which represents how women have become even more sexually liberated since Goldfinger and nudeness had become more acceptable with the audience. An all- heavy(prenominal) part of the titles in The World Is Not Enough is the numbers and more specifically the lyrics. branchly, the song is sung by a woman and the notable lyric is, We hold up when to fondle, we jockey when to kill. This arouses that women are actually smart and devious and can be killers just as easily as they can be lo vers, which goes over over against the traditional idea that they are really affectionate and maternal and not baseless at all.This could also be instantaneously linked to the character of Elektra King who uses her form throughout the film to spend a penny men to get her own way and is also involved with her fathers murder at the start. In Goldfinger, the first female character we meet is a maestro dancer. She is quite harming and very scantily-clad, which shows she is dressed to be looked at and to prevail the men she is dancing for. This is shown by a high angle television television camera rotating shaft that initially picks her out among the men and they are all flavour at her corpse.When seize is speaking to his friend he looks over at the dancer and says, I have some unfinished business to observe to. This is quite derogatory because he isnt referring to her as a person, which also suggests she doesnt mean very much to him. The word business is especially important here because he is kind of truism she is like a job that he has to comp allowe and nothing more. When he and so goes to see her she is initially naked in the bath and there is a camera duck soup of her bare maintain, this shows that she is vulnerable and Bond has the federal agency in the situation because he is fully-clothed and standing over her. because when she goes to kiss Bond he accidentally pokes her with his hitman and she jumps cover. That incident has a snack of sexual suggestion and when she asks him why he carries it around he jocunditys that he has an inferiority complex. This is jeering because he is real a reassured and dominant man. However, the dancer has actually double-crossed Bond and this is shown when a man walks into attack him when the dancer distracts him with a kiss this is revealed with an extreme close-up of the girls eye, where Bond sees the reflection of the attacker.He then uses her as a shield against the man, which suggests th at she didnt mean anything to him and he puts himself before women, although it could just be because he realizes what she has done to him. This shows that Bond was tricked by the girl and she apply her personate to get to him, save then she was also being used by someone else to get to Bond, so she legato isnt in view as. Bond counts move that she double-crossed him, when he looks at her and says, very shocking. This could suggest that he didnt expect a woman to do that to him and perhaps he underestimated her and didnt expect a woman to be that art.The contiguous clip we see Bond he is again with a woman and this time it is a character called drop shot, who is massaging Bond whilst he relaxes on a sun lounger. This suggests that he uses women for pleasure and it is also shown that he has catch over her when his friend Felix comes over. He introduces her and then says, Dink say goodbye. This is an imperative, so he is not asking her to do something he is ordering her a round. He then says it is man-talk, which shows that women are kept out of matters of business and they are kind of a liability.The way he talks to her with short words in short sentences also suggests that she is not very bright and gives the pictorial matter men are seen to be more intelligent than women. Finally, he slaps her bottom to dismiss her and that is very disrespectful, tho she doesnt argue and just does what he says, so it appears Bond has billet over women and can get them to do what he wants. A slightly similar character to Dink in The World Is Not Enough is bear on mollie Warmflash. She is reachd by Bond when she is gift him a check up and she gives in straight away, saying, youll have to promise to call me this time. This tells us that this has happened before and it appears she cant stand fast Bond so again he has this kind of advocator over women and they find him very attractive. However, he is just doing it to get a clean bill of health, so although he m ay get a bit of enjoyment out of it he is liquid just employ her to get what he wants. The difference is that she is a doctor so she is evidently quite intelligent, moreover even so she doesnt act professionally and is quite joyful to be used by Bond. She is on top of Bond though which is a office staff of position, nevertheless it is up to now clear that Bond is in swear.A complete contrast to the characters of Dink and revive Warmflash is the character of Money Penny. She appears in both films as she works for MI6, which is quite an important job, and is evermore dressed very respectably. She is also very conservative and holds traditional views and this is shown in Goldfinger when she says, The only gold I know about is that on your third finger. This shows that she manifestly call rachiss marriage is important and she is showing that she is attracted to Bond, but she wants something more than just sex, she wants a correct relationship.This is shown in The World Is Not Enough when Bond offers her a cigar and says, You know what you can do with that. This could well be linked to the notation Clinton sex scandal that had just lendn place at the time, in which hot seat Bill Clinton had been accused of having sexual relations, involving a cigar, with a woman in the unclouded House. Money Penny then chucks the cigar in the bin to show that she isnt interested in that kind of a relationship with Bond.So Money Penny is an example of a Bond girl that doesnt get seduced by Bond and is more interested in marriage than just a sexual relationship. However, Bond then doesnt seem very attracted to her which might suggest he isnt interested in settling down and just wants to stick to quiescency with women and then abject on. The side by side(p) woman that Bond meets in Goldfinger is Jill Masterson. When he first sees her she is helping Goldfinger machination at cards and she is dressed in a very revealing bikini and is lying in quite an enticin g pose.Bond then finds out that she is being paid to be seen with Goldfinger as well when he says, What else does he repair you for? here(predicate) he seems to be suggesting that Goldfinger might be paying her for sex which links back to the idea that women could be seen as a possession that can be bought. However, she denies doing anything else and is understandably holds no allegiance to Goldfinger because she is then very fickle and changes sides. There are a lot of camera shots on her em soundbox during this scene that expose the fact she is only wearing a bikini, so it is again inviting the audience to look at her.She is also very passive and at no point does she endeavor to stop Bond and it is clear he is in complete aver over her which is also shown by the fact she is lying down and he is looking down at her. accordingly Bond quite clearly looks down her top at her breasts when she leans upwards and she doesnt seem to lot, she is quite happy for him to look at her. H owever, she is then left out of Bonds parley with Goldfinger, which shows that women are kept out of important personal business. This happens again when Bond receives a reverberate call in his hotel room and he pushes Jills face out of the way.This is quite disrespectful, but Jill just lies back and doesnt seem to care she is happy to do what Bond wants her to. This gives the flick that women are just seen as something to give Bond pleasure and when it comes to matters of business he sees Jill as a bit of an vexance. They are then fully-clothed in bed which is testament to the fact that full nudity was not acceptable in films at the time. Bond is then knocked out and he finds Jill lying naked on the bed cover in gold paint. She has been murdered and yet she is glamourised in her death as she is covered in gold.Bond is extremely business like about her death and shows very little emotion despite the fact that it was partially his fault. After this he just moves on and appears to forget Jill in all, which supports the idea that Bond looks to girls purely for pleasure and then is happy to discard them afterward(prenominal)wards. In the most new-made Bond film, The Quantum of Solace, there a girl called Agent Fields that dies in a similar fashion. However, she is covered in oil instead of gold, and although oil is valuable it isnt at all glamorous and the black emblazon actually symbolises fear and death.There is also a shot of Jill Masterson in Goldfinger where there is a cushion placed in the way of her bottom and this is because the audience at the time wouldnt of approved of that level of nudity. However, in The Quantum of Solace there is an more or less identical shot of Agent Fields, but there is no cushion hiding her. This shows that audiences have changed over the years and nowadays nudity is much more acceptable. after in the film Bond runs into Jills sister, Tilly Masterson, and she appears to be very different to her sibling.Tilly is a lot more active as she is driving aggressively and tries to crack Goldfinger twice to get revenge for him murdering her sister. She is also dressed very respectively with her hair tied back and she uses very self-asserting language when speaking to Bond apparently unaffected by Bonds charm like her sister was. Another difference amid her and her sister is that she is a lot more independent and says to Bond, I can take care of myself. This contrasts to the typical Bond girl that would need Bonds help and surety.She does, however, appear to be very much governed by her emotions and says, I want to kill him. When she says this she sounds almost like a little girl that is unfeignedly upset and angry that they cant have there way. This is when it becomes clear that she is being controlled by her emotions, which is a more womanly characteristic because traditionally women are more emotional. She also misses Goldfinger when she tries to hit him and then later on she is do lots of no ise in the woods when Bond is silent. These things show that she isnt as experient as Bond and it suggests that women arent supposed to be doing the kind of work Bond does and they are in adequate to(p).It is when they are in the forest that Bond takes control and Tilly starts to become more like her sister was before she died. She becomes more passive and follows Bonds orders. Her hair is also down now, which seems like a very minor change but it symbolises the fact she has turned into more of a typical Bond girl. Then Bond there is a car chase and Tilly appears to admire Bond and all the gadgets he has in the car and even smiles a bit when before she had been earnest the whole time.Bonds charm also seems to start to take an affect on her now, which suggests that all women become attracted to Bond after a while and supports the idea that Bond girls cant pass up Bond. However, Bond then tells her to, Run when I tell you, which results in her being killed by the henchman Odd Job. Bond at first seems quite concerned and runs over to her, but then he seems to close out his emotions once again and puts her posterior him. This is similar to how he reacted when Jill died, it just seems to annoy him a bit and apart from that he doesnt seem to care.The main female character in Goldfinger is cuckoo Galore and the first thing that is noticeable is her differentiate. The name is very suggestive and another name that is a bit suggestive is doc Molly Warmflash from The World Is Not Enough. Those names are another example of the sexual hint that is in both of the Bond films and the name of bozo Galore could have come from the fact that in the book write by Ian Fleming that the film is based on, pussy was a lesbian.When Bond first wakes up to see her he says, Who are you? I must be dreaming. Bond says this because kitty Galore is very attractive and she is well-dressed, but the clothes she is wearing are quite tight-fitting and show off her form. She is neighbo urly towards Bond, but immediately tells him she isnt interested in him when she says, Turn off the charm Im immune. This gives the impression she isnt attracted to Bond and this is different from the idea that women cant stand Bond. She is a pilot for Goldfinger, which is quite a challenging job and Bond appears impress when she tells him. She also has her own fugitive circus which shows she is a successful women and independent as she has her own business.All the pilots in this flying circus are also female which again goes against the traditional idea that women cant do jobs like piloting aircraft. She has to transport Bond on the cream and he seems to approximate he is in control because he swings on the chair, acts very relaxed and when she threatens him with a shooter he ex unmixeds it would shoot through the fuselage to try to make her look stupid. However, she doesnt appear phased by Bond and stands over him in a agency of position and throw outs his witty remarks towards her so she is actually the one in control.The camera shots also show this because they are in general from Bonds perspective looking up at pussy or from her perspective looking down at Bond this emphasises her position over him. On board the plain there is a servant called Mai lee(prenominal) who balances scratch Galore out because she is more of a typical Bond girl. Her job is to serve Bond and she is very unselfish and apologetic towards him. She also needs his help to put the plane steps down when they arrive, which suggests women are weaker and they need Bonds help, however Pussy Galore goes against this as she does everything without Bonds help and is very independent.Bond also looks at her bottom when she walks away from him which again shows women as something to look at. subsequent in the film Goldfinger hints that Pussy Galore should dress up to seduce Bond and distract him and this suggests that women are mayhap a weakness of Bonds and he cant help himself. This links back to earlier in the film when Bond first meets Tilly Masterson and says to himself, theatre 007. This is because he was already told off by M for getting involved with women during his missions.Pussy agrees to it, but she also explains that she wont get any pleasure out of it when she says, Business before pleasure. This suggests that she sees it purely as business and again is not attracted to Bond at all. It makes sex seem almost like a kind of business when it would normally be for pleasure. Pussy then dresses more in a more revealing way and puts on a friendlier front to seduce Bond, saying, Im completely defenseless. Here she is actually exploitation Bond which contrasts to the way that Bond usually uses women and shows that women can control Bond as well as he can control them. Pussy Galore and Bond then end up having a kind of play fight in a barn and Pussy defends herself well because she knows Judo.This is unusual because women arent normally expected to f ight and perform martial arts, which again shows how deft she is. However, Bond then gets the upper hand and ends up on top of Pussy and at this point her attitude and character change very rapidly. Bond tries to kiss her and at first she resists and fights back, but then she just gives in and kisses Bond. This is a very big piece of evidence to support the idea that the women cant resist Bond because Pussy had appeared didnt seem to be attracted to him and had been in control of Bond, but then everything changed.This could also show that it isnt that the women cant resist Bond, but they dont want to resist Bond as she gave in so easily. This also sign ons Pussys change of sides and she helps to stop Goldfinger. When we next see her she is wearing light work and this is symbolic of her change to the good side. Bond says he, appealed to her maternal instincts. Which would suggest that women are caring and don want to hurt anyone however this maternally attitude is twisted earli er on in the film.When the pilots go to drop quiescency gas on Fort Knox they call it Operation Rock-A-Bye-Baby which is a nursery verse a mother would sing to substantiate her child but they are actually cleansing people. The final part of the film shows Pussy Galore trying to signal a rescue helicopter after her and Bond jumped out of a plane with a parachute, however, Bond pulls her back and says, This is no time to be rescued. After this he covers them with the parachute and it is clear that he wants to make love to her. This shows that she is a completely changed character because she has succumbed to Bonds charm and is now a traditional Bond girl.She is also positioned underneath Bond so he is in a position of power over her. The World Is Not Enough shows women as being a lot more active than in Goldfinger and this is seen with the cigar girl who is the first woman to appear in the film. She is very business like and is wearing a suit so she looks completely professional . However, she is also quite attractive and you can tell Bond notices this when she says, Do you want to have a look at my figures, and he replies with, Im sure theyre all perfectly rounded. Here he is obviously referring to her body rather than the mathematical figures she is referring to, but Bonds charm doesnt rub off and she looks at him angrily.However, Bond could be saying this because he doesnt because he doesnt think that a woman should be involved with business affairs and that is why he made the joke about body, because when she goes and sits to the side he becomes a lot more serious in conversation with the men in the room. However, the girl then kills the banker Bond is speaking to and runs off, which shows that women are obviously just as capable as men at killing people.Bond then meets her again in a gravy boat chase around London. During this she is dressed in red, which symbolises danger and could be a metaphor for how dangerous the women is. She has a bigger boat t han Bond which gives her a bit of power over him and she also fires a gun at him during the chase showing she isnt afraid to kill again. condescension this whole action sequence though she until now remains dry and eer looks beautiful, where as Bond is soaked. This could again show that she has power over him, or it could suggest that she is still something to be looked at.During the course of this she seems very in control and dangerous she sacrifices herself at the end when Bond has caught her after saying, You cant protect me not from him. This shows that she is actually very stir and fearful despite putting up a fearless front during the boat chase. A female character with a very important role in The World Is Not Enough is the head of MI6, M. This differs from Goldfinger in which M was a man and it reflects that, in reality at the time, the head of MI6 was a woman called Stella Remington.Obviously this role gives M a lot of power and is the first woman we have seen that ac tually has power and control over Bond and he has to follow her orders. She also fits the role very well and remains compose when the bomb goes off in the building she is in. However, she does show her emotions at a funeral, when she hugs Elektra in a kind of motherly role. Later on in the film Bond accuses her of permit herself be ruled by her emotions when he says, With all due respect, I dont think you should be here.This is after M has come to see Elektra and then, when Elektra reveals that she is actually in alliance with Renard, M realises that she did actually make a bad judgment based on her emotions and she loses control and slaps Elektra. This incident suggests that women may ceaselessly be governed in some way by their emotions and that they cant always control them because M slaps Elektra out of anger. The idea of emotions clouding a womans judgment suggests that men are more in control of there emotions and dont let them get in the way this is shown by the cold hear tedness Bond seems to show at the death of the women in both films. forward in the film however, M does show that she is perfectly capable of keeping her emotions locked up when she explains how she advised Elektras father to not pay the ransom for Elektra when she had been kidnapped before. She says, Against every instinct in my heart, every emotion as a mother. This again refers to the maternal instincts of women and how they want to be affectionate and care about people however it also shows that they can ignore those maternal instincts as well and act more like a man putting their emotions out.The thing that stands out most about M though is that fact that Bond treats her with a great circumstances of respect, even when he thinks she is in the wrong, and this is shown again with the quote above in which Bond says, with all due respect. M is perchance the only woman that Bond volitionally allows to control him and that he has a completely professional relationship with. Fi nally, M shows that she is very adroit and capable to fend for herself, when she uses a clock to send out a signal to Bond after she has been captured by Elektra and Renard.Elektra is possibly the most important woman in The World Is Not Enough because she is a villain and she manages to use and manipulate Bond during the course of the film. She tricks Bond, at first, into believing she is innocent and they end up fashioning love with each other. This shows again that Bonds desire for women is almost a weakness for him because initially he says to Elektra, This is a jeopardize I cant unfold to play. Here he is referring to getting into a relationship with her, because M had told him not to. However, he then ends up sleeping with Elektra, which suggests he couldnt resist her.This is a role opposite because it is typically women that cant resist Bond, but here it is the other way around. During the bedroom scene, both Bond and Elektra are on top which could symbolise a balance o f power in the midst of the two. There is also more nudity than in the scene betwixt Bond and Jill Masterson in Goldfinger which reflects the fact that it is aimed at a more modern audience which now finds nudity more acceptable.During that scene, Elektra also reveals to Bond how she escaped her kidnappers, I seduced the guards. I used my body. This shows that she is willing to use her body to get what she wants and that could very well be what she was doing at exactly that moment with Bond because it gave her power over him. This is because Elektra then turns on him later on after he accuses her of being with Renard, You used me, you used me as bait. Here she is referring to him sleeping with her and it shows how manipulative and clever she is because she is making Bond feel bloodguilty when it is actually her in the wrong. Elektra is also the only woman that actually seems to appeal to Bonds emotions in the films.When he sees a tape of her after she escaped from her kidnappers she is crying and Bond touches the screen and seems genuinely sorry for her and he appears to care for her a lot. Later in the film, Renard teases Bond with the fact that he slept with Elektra before him, I broke her in for you. Bond gets in reality angry at this because he realises that Elektra was just using him. The language Renard uses here is very derogatory and sexist and suggests that he was in control of Elektra and took advantage of her however she could again have been using Renard to get what she wanted.The way Elektra uses her body to manipulate men and get what she wants is quite ironic because that is what Bond normally does to other women and it proves that it can work the other way around. In the casino Elektra draws a queen of hearts and this could also be a symbol of the way Elektra uses her body to play with mens emotions of love and with their liking to get her way. Finally, Bond is put in an execution chair and Elektra is slowly alter the screw that can bre ak his cervix uteri when she says, Ive always had a power over men.This is symbolised by the fact that she is on top of Bond in a position of power and she also has the power to kill him. She is also obviously referring to how she has used her cunning to manipulate Bond and he is now completely vulnerable whilst she is in control. However, Bond counters this by saying, You meant nothing to me you were just one last screw. This is again sexual innuendo because he is referring to when he had sex with her and also to the fact that she is about to kill him with one last turn of the screw on the chair. After this Bond escapes and points a gun at Elektra.It appears, at first, that his emotions are affecting him because he doesnt seem to want to kill her, possibly because she is a woman. He does shoot her though and afterwards he doesnt seem to care very much. This shows that Bond puts his emotions aside and links back to the idea that the Bond girls dont mean anything to him and he jus t discards them and moves on. The final Bond girl in The World Is Not Enough is Doctor Christmas Jones. When we first see her there is quite a long camera shot that pans up her body and this again invites the audience to look at her and admire her body, like an object.She wears some very tight-fitting clothes that emphasise her body and are quite revealing as well, but she also wears some scientific clothes that show that she is obviously very intelligent because she is an IVA Nuclear Physicist. At first she doesnt appear at all attracted to Bond and says, Are you just hoping for a glimmer too. Here she is putting him down and it again questions whether Bond girls actually find Bond irresistible. Christmas is also very professional and even when she is in danger she appears calm and looks like she can look after herself.At one point however, Bond grabs her to remove her from danger and this could be for either of two reasons. It could be because she is a woman and he cares for her, or it could be because he realises he is going to need her help. Later on it is clear that Doctor Jones is more intelligent than Bond, but he still seems to control her and tell her what to do and she doesnt object. Later in the film, she dresses up and uses her body to bait Zukovsky and distract him. She is very clever, but she still needs to use her beauty, which suggests that Bond girls cant just be intelligent they have to be attractive as well.She is also left out of the business conversation between Bond and Zukovsky despite the fact she is very smart and knows what is going on. This links back to the idea that women cant be involved in business affairs and dont have a part in making decisions. At the end of the film, Bond makes two jokes about Doctor Jones that involve sexual innuendo. First he says, Ive always wanted to have Christmas in Turkey, and then he says, I thought Christmas only comes once a year. These witticisms both refer to him sleeping with Doctor Jones and again she has given into Bonds charm by doing so.Her behaviour is similar to that of Pussy Galore in Goldfinger in the way that she initially resisted Bond and didnt seem attracted to him, but then gave in and ended up sleeping with him like a typical Bond girl. In conclusion, I think there are examples in the Bond films of girls that are like the stereotypical Bond girls that are attractive, sleep with Bond and require his protection before he just discards them and moves on. These women, like Jill Masterson and Molly Warmflash, appear to be used by Bond partly for his pleasure and partly to get what he wants.However, there are other characters, Elektra King especially, that use Bond themselves to get what they want. The main way they seem to do that is by using their bodies as it appears Bond is at clock incapable of resisting his desire for women. Another important thing to note is that in Goldfinger the only woman that really had any power and an important role was Pussy Galore . Where as, in The World Is Not Enough nearly all of the female characters have power and a big role to play. It is also the only film where any women have power over Bond, because M is obviously his knob and at times Elektra King has power over him as well.This proves that Bond is not always on control of women. This change in attitude over time is most likely because attitudes towards women changed and they gained equality with men by the time The World Is Not Enough was made, while they were still moving towards equality at the time Goldfinger was released. These historical factors are the most likely reason for the kind of evolution of Bond girls to the point where they sometimes control and out-smart Bond where as he used to always have power over them.Overall, Bond girls do appear to be liberated to a certain extent because they are not always bound by traditional sexual roles, which is shown by the way they are sometimes on top and in control in bedroom scenes. However, ther e are many instances where Bond has power and control over women and nearly every woman in the films seems to find him irresistible, which suggests that Bond girls are not completely liberated because they still appear in a lot of aspects to be inferior to men.Although, in the more recent films, Bond girls seem to be liberated in nearly all aspects they still dont appear to be quite there yet. I think Bond girls never will be fully-liberated either, only if because if they were they wouldnt be fulfill the well-known criteria of Bond girls and would therefore ruin the Bond cocktail. However, I may be wrong and, referring back to the quote by Umberto Eco, perhaps Bond girls could be the queen in the game of chess and they have the ability to move in any direction making possible for them to change without ruining the formula.