The Opportunities That Businesses Can Create Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2481 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Companies are always looking for opportunities that allow their business to create a sustainable competitive advantage so that the business is sustained. To do this they have to evaluate what their customers view in their value chain activities as distinguishing factors compared to their competitors. PepsiCos traditional core business was in beverages where it faced strong competition from Coca Cola. To create value in its business PepsiCo had to: Differentiate the business from competitors: finding ways to differentiate the companys product offerings and gain market penetration. And/or differentiate itself through product development. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Opportunities That Businesses Can Create Business Essay" essay for you Create order Review its business cost structure Evaluate the industry growth rate Evaluate its firms position in the market The evaluation of PepsiCo strategy led to PepsiCo organizing itself into three divisions: soft drinks, snack foods and restaurants. The value created by the acquisition of KFC was: 1. Synergies were created within the value chain According to the case study, the marketing of fast food followed the same patterns as the marketing of cold drinks and snack foods. This allowed for the marketing of soft drinks and fast food products in the same television and radio segments thereby providing higher returns for each advertising dollar (This improves business cost structure and ensures that its internal processes are efficiently configured to support its value creation efforts). As a result a competitive advantage was created through taking advantage economies of scope. 2. Improved Efficiency KFC restaurant chains also provided an additional outlet for the sale of Pepsi drinks. This provided an efficient distribution network which can highly reduce cost. 3. Scale of Economies Through PepsiCo management, KFC was able to gain access to large capital resources which enhanced its strategy of expansion which is key to the success of KFC. 4. Learning Opportunities By being under the PepsiCo umbrella, KFC was able to learn form PepsiCo performance driven culture. The two organisations benefited from the shared learning in differences in Organisational and managerial processes and systems. 5. Reduction of risks by reducing uncertainty about material inputs or access to customers The use of KFC brand allowed PepsiCo against committing huge resources in markets that the company does not understand well and have no experience in, thus not gaining the required customers. KFC had a well established international presence; utilizing this experience, PepsiCo will easily gain access to distribute their product and gain market share. Another advantage is due to the huge cost and risk of entering a foreign market e.g. the restaurant market. The acquisition allowed PepsiCo to basically leverage costs and risks. QUESTION 1.B Strategic Issues Facing KFC To determine the strategic issues faced by KFC, we will begin this section by using Porters Diamond as a tool to evaluate KFC comparative advantage: Factor conditions According to the case study, due to the maturity of the US Market many restaurants including KFC expanded international as a strategy for growing sales. KFC was one of the first companies to enter the international market as a result it was able to learn and grow faster. Due to cultural and eating habits KFC only had success in penetrating the Asia and Latin American markets because of chicken being a traditional dish there. Related and supporting structures The US market has a national cluster of restaurants. This overcapacity in the US market made it difficult for KFC to justify construction of new free standing restaurants in the US due to the sites increased cost which as a result drove profit margins down. In Latin America however, geographic proximity to the US made communication and travel easier and quicker. Latin America also seemed attractive after the implementation of the NAFTA. In other international markets long distances between the head quarters made it more difficult to control the quality of individual restaurants. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Latin America proved to have high levels of rivalry competitors due to the fact that KFC entered the market later. In Latin America, KFC had difficulty deciding on the appropriate strategy (franchising or company-owned restaurants) due to the political and economic policies brought about by frequent changes in the government ad economic stability which increase uncertainty. In other international markets KFC decided on franchising as a strategy as it allowed locals that better know the culture, language and differences to manage the restaurants. Demand conditions According to the case study, worldwide demand for fast foods was expected to grow rapidly during the next two decades, because rising per capita world wide made eating out more affordable for greater numbers of consumers. The internet also increased the ability for company to more quickly develop brands and a world wide consumer base. There was also a large population in Latin America and especially Mexico. Above I have explained both the competitive advantage gained by KFC and the issues that it is facing by operating international. The above discussion has also revealed some of the driving factors to globalization which are; cultural homogenization (growth in eating out trend), technological developments (internet and improved communication channels), deregulation and lowering of trade barriers (The implementation of the NAFTA) etc. KFC Approach to expansion in foreign market We will now look at the approach that KFC has adopted in its international market out of the four approaches to being international; Multinational, Global, International and transitional. KFC appears to be adopting the international Strategy. This is because it has adopted to convert most of its international business into franchises. However its core abilities like marketing remain centralized. QUESTION 2 This section of the report will seek to dispute the statement that Management tools and models have taken the place of strategy and seek to show that they are merely used as guide to the formulation of strategy. Knott (2008) defines strategy tools or management tools encompass the full range of concepts, ideas, and techniques and approaches that structure or influence strategy activity. Gunn and Williams (2007) agrees and emphasizes that specifically strategy tools are those concepts and techniques used by managers in the decision making process. Now that we have defines what management tools are it is equally important that we define strategy. There is no one definition of strategy. It is however viewed as a means to making decision and actions that helps to navigate the organization into achieving a competitive advantage. This leads us to the view of strategy as a process. Pearce and Robinson (2000, pg17), says that the strategic process centers on the belief that a firms mission can be best achieved through a systematic and comprehensive assessment of both its internal and its external environment. The management tools are a guide to achieving this comprehensive assessment. Gunn and Willi ams (2007) agrees to this by saying that strategy or management tools were developed to help managers handle the complexity of their environments. There are currently many different management tools and models available organisations to support decisions by strategic managers. Below I will discuss four strategic management process tools: Balanced Score Card, SWOT Analysis, Financial Ratio Analysis and Value Chain Analysis and show how they contribute to strategic management and strategic thinking in a company. The Balanced Score Card The Balanced Scorecard was developed by Kaplan and Norton to move the business away from the reactive view of traditional financial measures. The Scorecard breaks down the organisations vision and mission into strategic objectives that can be categorized into four different perspectives; financial, customer, internal business processes and learning and growth. The scorecards approach is aimed at promoting and maintaining a completely holistic viewpoint, where one affects the other and each should only be considered in view of the other perspectives A SWOT Analysis is generally used in making decisions about what direction a company should take. The major focus of SWOT analysis is to Identify opportunities and identify threats, and also to identify organizations strengths and weaknesses. It has also been explained that it achieves correct interaction of business management with its internal and external environment (Mayer, 2008, p36) whilst emphasizing the monitoring and evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in both these environments. Financial Ratio Analysis Financial ratio Analysis is done to analyze the success or failure and progress of business. The manager can use financial ratios to spot trends, and to compare the performance of a business with other similar businesses. The financial ratios are not concerned with soft issues such as the culture of business that might have contributing factors to the success of failure in the business. The financial ratio analysis is only concerned with the finances of the company. Value Chain Analysis This tool was first discovered by Michael Porter. A value chain analysis is an analysis of a companys chain of activities. As the product passes through the activities value is generated along the chain. The Analysis is concerned with which activities generate more value and how can the value be improved. By discussion a few management tools above, we have managed to reveal that management tools on their own can not be used to develop strategy decisions. This means that they are used as guides through the strategy process to help managers to structure the process of strategy formulation. This is verified by Jarzabkowski and Kaplan (2008) purported that strategy tool use is a means of sense making about uncertainties by helping to structure and interpret information; it serves to justify or legitimatize particular positions; and it instigates and facilitates interaction among various actors. Hussey (1997) adds to this by saying Therefore there is a need to fully analyze a given situation before strategic decisions are made, pursue and implement strategic decision, implement adequate planning processes and finally when using new business concepts develop an understanding of them before apply them to a practical situation. Another point of importance is that it is important to choose the relevant management tool for the task. Hussey (1998) says Consequently, strategists should be familiar with the various concepts available to them, but not biased toward any of them. They should narrow their focus to a specific sub-model only after they determined which one is most appropriate to their situation. In conclusion management tools can not give the holistically analysis that the strategy process entails and as a result could not be used to make decisions about the long term objectives of the organization but can merely serve as a guidance to the holistic evaluation and analysis at each stage of the strategy process. QUESTION 3 Here at head office, we dont go very deep into much of anything, but we have a smell of everything. Our job is capital allocation-intellectual and financial. Smell, feel, touch, listen, then allocate (Jack Welch former CEO of General Electric) The above statement by Jack Welch is addressing the role of corporate strategy. Corporate strategy is concerned with what type of business the organization is in. It is about addressing strategic issues such as what the line of business should be and how resources are to be allocated between different business units in other to gain competitive advantage and achieve its long term objectives. This is the process that Jack Welch terms as the Smell, feel, touch, listen then allocate. Below I discuss what I consider to be the main priorities for the corporate management of a diversified company like General Electric by using Ghoshals Organisational framework. Ghoshals classifies the goals of a multinational company into three categories namely; Achieving efficiency in current operations, managing of risks that it assumes in carrying out those operations and lastly innovation, learning and adaptation. According to Segal-Horn (2004, pg 379), competitive advantage is developed by taking strategic actions that optimize the firms achievement of these different and, at times conflicting goals. The three goals can be achieved via three tools; economies of scale, economies of scope and the ability to utilize national differences as sources of comparative advantage. Achieving Efficiency Efficiency can be defined as the ratio of the value of its outputs to the cost of all its inputs (Segal-Horn, 2003, pg 380). By optimizing this ratio the organization can obtain surplus resources. For a company like General Electric, it is very important that it devise a strategy of managing the interaction of actions of one business unit to another as this can affect performance. For example, GE corporate can analyze the value chain and could decide to have centralized production so as to exploit the advantages of integration or it can choose to have production in subsidiaries based local markets. The decision will be taken based on which will be able to create value. The next priority for a diversified global company is to manage the risk of its chosen process of operation. Managing Risks A diversified global company like General Electric faces many risks. Segal-Horn (2004, pg 382) categorizes these risks into four: Micro Risks These include wars, interest rates, exchange rates, different wage rate etc. GE will have to access these rates and determine what effects they are to have in their operations and manage them. Policy Risks These are commonly known as political risks arising from different policy actions of national governments. General Electric need s to analyze and access all national policies to which it conducts business and manage risks emanating from these policies. Competitive Risks These are the risks that arise due to the response of other competitors in the market. This may be extended to new technologies. Competitors might gain access to new technologies which may in future result in competitive advantage. It is the priority of GE to monitor and manage these risks. Resource Risks Segal-horn (2003, pg 382) defines this as the risk that the adopted strategy will require resources that the company does not have, cannot acquire, or can not spare. This is of particular importance to a technological company like GE, which will require for example human resources with technological skills. The main point about risks is that they change over time and so the company must continually evaluate the risks from time to time to determine the strategic fit. Innovation, learning and adaptation A presence in the international market creates opportunities of learning from the new market, the competition and from the risks. This learning must be accompanied by the flexibility to adapt so that the new learning can be incorporated to enable the company to adapt. For a company like GE this could mean the sharing of best practices and learning across business units. For continued improvement the company must also be on a continued drive of innovation. As mentioned earlier, the above discussed priorities can be achieved through collaborative use with the three fundamental tools for building global competitive advantage: Scale of economies, Scope of economies and National differences. Although the statement by Jack Welch may sound very simplified, this process of strategy is aimed at achieving the above three priorities which are common for most diversified global organizations.

A Sense of Tragedy and Humour in alan Bennetts Talking...

A Sense of Tragedy and Humour in alan Bennetts Talking Heads Monologues Alan Bennett uses a variety of techniques to convey a sense of both tragedy and humour in his Talking Heads monologues. I will be looking specifically at Bed Among The Lentils and Cream Cracker Under The Settee. Alan Bennett achieves both of these effects by use of several clever choices regarding the casting as well as sound and visual effects. There are two very different types of humour in Bed Among The Lentils and Cream Cracker Under The Settee. BATL uses a lot of sarcastic, bitter humour whereas CCUTS uses some wry, discreet humour and at times Doris, the elderly woman in CCUTS, seems to be mocking herself†¦show more content†¦Susan is a very sarcastic and bitter person. This may be due to her marriage with Geoffrey as this is a very boring situation for her. Not only this, Geoffrey exploits her alcoholism to make people think he is a caring husband willing to stand by his wife every step of the way. He grips my hand in public, nay brandishes it. This line implies that Susan feels trapped in her marriage and is unable to stop Geoffrey taking control and making her decisions for her. Doris has also had a very unhappy life with several tragic incidents, most notably, the loss of her baby at a very young age. I wanted him called John. The midwife said he wasnt fit to be called anything All them years ago when we were first married and I was having the baby. These lines show that Doris lives in the past a lot and this probably contributes to her sadness as she is unable to move on from the loss of her baby and later, the loss of her husband. Doris is also extremely reliant on Zulema to carry out jobs in and around the house for her. this frustrates Doris as she would rather be doing this herself to ensure that they are done properly. Zulema doesnt dust. She half dusts. This shows that Doris is unsatisfied with Zulema and is rather fussy when it comes to cleanliness. Susan is constantlyShow MoreRelatedThe Character of Doris in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee by Alan Bennett3380 Words   |  14 PagesThe Character of Doris in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee by Alan Bennett The melancholy of life, death and old age, are one of the many issues dealt with, in Alan Bennett’s heart-rending tale. It tells the story of an isolated, fragile, elderly woman, who feels ensnared in a modernised society in which she strives for her sovereignty and prominence. In a culture where the old are forgotten, neglected and depicted as useless. ‘A Cream Cracker Under The Settee’ seems toRead MoreA Cream Cracker Under the Settee. Alan Bennett4299 Words   |  18 PagesThe melancholy of life, death and old age, are one of the many issues dealt with, in Alan Bennett’s heart-rending tale. It tells the story of an isolated, fragile, elderly woman, who feels ensnared in a modernised society in which she strives for her sovereignty and prominence. In a culture where the old are forgotten, neglected and depicted as useless. ‘A Cream Cracker Under The Settee’ seems to be the perfect title of the play as the double entendre epitomizes this remarkably. In addition, another

Abigail Adams by Janet Whitney Free Essays

Throughout our lives we have heard how women throughout history strived to become the best. We have heard stories about women going against society to gain equal rights and we have read about woman with extraordinary character that pursued the history of this world. One of these women is Abigail Adams, the only woman so far to be both wife and mother of a president. We will write a custom essay sample on Abigail Adams by Janet Whitney or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sadly, however, â€Å"Abigail Adams† by Janet Whitney is far from being a biography of her life. Janet Whitney arranges her material in chronological presentation. She starts from how Abigail Adams and John Adams fell in love and got married. She continues on with the biography describing how John Adams came to presidency as Abigail Adams gave birth to his kids one by one. The author chose wisely to arrange her material in chronological order; it helped better understand that time period. Janet Whitney didn’t make any assumptions about the knowledge of the reader, therefore carefully describing each and every event during the life of Abigail and John Adams. The events were detailed and included many direct quotes from the diary of John Adams. Therefore, it was easier to visualize the majority of the important events during the American Revolution. In society (the modern world especially) more and more females are looking to research on historical female figures that had an impact on the world. Janet Whitney intended to write this book for the female population but failed to interest them in the midst of the biography. The title of the biography is enough to attract and spark an interest in the reader, but as the reader continues reading, he/she will be filled with nothing but questions and disappointment. Up until the middle of the biography, Abigail Adams is mentioned only when she becomes pregnant with John Adam’s babies. The rest of the first half of the biography is an in-depth illustration of John Adam’s accomplishments. Abigail Adams is mentioned as merely a sidekick to John Adam’s success and a great companion. She is described as the most intellectual woman John Adam’s has ever met. Throughout the book the author describes in great depth and detail about the history that took place during the time of John and Abigail Adams. She seems to have great knowledge on the American Revolution and describes many detailed descriptions about John Adams life. Although the author does describe the events leading up to the American Revolution, the author fails to depict the role of Abigail Adams in the lives of her husband and others. I believe that the author thinks of Abigail Adams as an unflattering topic, which is ironic because the author decided to write a biography about her. The author wrote the biography in a way that seems like John Adams is the highlight of the life of Abigail Adams and that Abigail Adams was a small influence in the road to presidency for John Adams. The opinions of the author are not directly states in the biography. But there are certain parts of the book that shows an indirect opinion of Abigail Adams. As quoted in the biography, the author writes, â€Å"She freely expresses her longing to see him†¦she freely expresses her reliability on him†¦and the extent to how much she needs him in her life. † (Whitney page 113). The author believes that Abigail Adams felt like she needed John Adams in her life because she relied on him so much. Nowhere in biography does the author cite specific evidence as to why and where Abigail would say this. This also highlights the statement I said previously, the author believes Abigail to be an unflattering topic. The quote above describes Abigail as a needy, un-intellectual woman. The majority of the information the author used were from letters and diaries and biographies of other important historical figures such as John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Thomas Hutchinson. Most of the biography was filled with quotes from first hand sources as the diary of Thomas Jefferson and letters written by John Adams. The quotes mostly described the setting of the time period rather than the important details. For example, it described the physical appearances of Abigail and John Adams and described the major and minor details of the houses and towns they lived in. The author did an excellent job at giving the reader a window into the time in which Abigail Adams lived. The historical documents used as a reference for the writing of this biography were constantly quotes to give us a visual as to what events were taking place. The author wrote pages describing a single certain event. Janet Whitney would not only quote from her first- hand sources, but she would describe and explain the quote as well to prevent any confusion. For example, Janet Whitney quotes in the biography, â€Å"The flame is kindled and like lightning it catches from soul to soul. Although the mind is shocked at the thought of shedding human blood, more especially the blood of our countrymen and a civil war is of all wars the most dreadful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This creates a visual picture inside the reader’s head of how gory and gruesome the battles and fights were. Overall, I did not enjoy reading this biography. I was looking forward to learning about Abigail Adams and her influence on American history but as I read I was constantly disappointed. I didn’t realize that the whole book would be based on John Adam’s and how much of an effect he had on Abigail Adam’s life rather than how much of an effect Abigail Adam’s had in America. The biography was also written in an un-interesting way. It felt as if the author was just throwing information inside the text without putting effort into making it sound interesting. While reading the biography I would read over numerous mentioning of dates, times, cities, towns and names of random village men who are irrelevant to the life of Abigail Adam’s. This biography was a complete disappoint to its feminist audience. Throughout our lives we have always heard about how much of an extraordinary person Abigail Adam’s was but none of that is depicted in this biography. I look forward to reading an actual biography of Abigail Adam’s: a biography that doesn’t portray Abigail Adam’s as someone who’s constantly reliant on her husband. How to cite Abigail Adams by Janet Whitney, Essay examples

Economic and Social Inequality Development †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Economic and Social Inequality Development. Answer: Introduction Equality and liberty are two most valued fundamental rights of the citizens of any nation. The concepts of equality and liberty may be identified as the two basic pillars of democracy. Any democratic nation should not tolerate any discrimination of its citizens and should treat all the country equally. Social equality may be defined as a concept in which fairness and justice concepts are applied to social policies. The following report deals with the major global issues of the present days. This report critically discusses the policies, programs and strategies with regards to the equity and development around the globe. The report undertakes and critically examines some case studies of the Asia-Pacific region. The following report attempts to throw some light on the concepts of change and growth as related to development of the society on both national and international levels. Social growth and development may be referred to as the process whereby the feelings, thoughts and behaviors of a person are affected by the presence of any other person. This also refers to the ways in which this process undergoes change with the passage of time. Lev Vygotsky, one of the main theorists of the theory of social growth, in the theory of social constructivism argues that a major factor in the development of a child is the culture that the child is exposed to. According to the famous theorist, development always moves to an individual level from social levels. The social equality concepts may be traced back to the to the works by ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. Though definitions of the concept may vary from person to person but the central idea of the definitions remain constant on the issue of fairness and justness. In modern times, equity involves the role of administers. These public administers are responsible for looking into the fact that the social services are being dispensed equably among all the members. In order to keep up to their responsibilities, global equality administers have resorted to certain policies, programs and strategies to address to the issue of global equality and development. Social equality needs the legal enforcement of social classes or boundaries of caste to be absent. In order to execute the concept properly, all discrimination that is motivated by some inviolable part of the concerned person must be avoided. The citizens must not be discriminated based on their caste, creed, sex, religion, age, race, origin, sexual orientation, property, language, health, convictions, income and opinions. The major global issues that can be highlighted in the present day scenario are women empowerment, gender equality, aged population growth, medical issues in health care such as AIDS. There are issues regarding the rights of children, decolonization, hunger issues, human rights and population, refugees of various countries (Un.org, 2017). The most raging issue at the present moment is the issue of women liberation and empowerment. Women empowerment has turned into an important topic of discussion worldwide. It points to approaches that hold good for other belittled genders as well. Women economic empowerment refers to womens ability to enjoy controlling their rights and benefitting from their own resources. It further refers to the ability of women to improve their economic well-being and status. There has been adopted many policies to address the issues of social development. In this particular issue of women empowerment and liberation, various methods towards tackling the issue are taken into account. Women, in many of the underdeveloped and developing countries, do not have the legal rights to own any piece of land. As a measure to empower women in those countries, they should be allowed to own a piece of land. There are policies that have been formulated on various other social issues that need immediate attention like the issue of gender equality and food-related issues. Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment of people totally or partially on the basis of their gender. This issue stems from differences in the gender roles as defined by the society. It depends on the socially constructed or empirically grounded distinction on the basis of the gender of a person. Gender equality is a much needed founding ground for a peaceful, sustainable and prosperous world (Un.org, 2017). It is not only a basic human right. In case of gender related issues, there are policies of the UNICEF that deal with the issues of equality between boys and girls. These policies of the United Nations aim to provide for educational access to all the global citizens irrespective of their gender (UN, 2015). It also aims to provide equal access to all the citizens of the world with an equal access to health care, representations in economic and political processes involving decision making. Gender equality will boost sustainable economics and be beneficial to humanity and societies at large. The Gender in Development Programme or GIDP advises, assists and facilitates the equality policies, practice and dialogue and helps in empowering women (Un.org, 2017). These programs are implemented in the countries around the world. In the eastern countries, there are found huge implementations of the women empowerment policies. The governing bodies of the countries try to ensure that all the citizens of the country have access to educational institutions irrespective of their gender and caste. These programs tend to look into the issue of women having lesser access to basic as well as higher education, greater risks on the field of health and safety issues and lower representation in the political issues. Women should be guaranteed rights and be given opportunities to achieve their ultimate potential. It is necessary for attaining the goals of global equality and wider ranges of international development. The programs aim to provide a boost to a womans decision-making authority, sense of being self-worthy, access towards resources and opportunities, the authority and control over happenings both inside and outside the house. It also tries to make a change in a womans ability to affect the changes that take place around her. These programs focus mainly on educating the female members of the society. These programs are implemented mainly in the developing countries where there is a higher percentage of girls being out-of-school as compared to the number of boys. In the developing countries, the number of girls not attending schools is approximately a quarter of the population. Another raging issue is the health care issue of women. The issue of healthcare and safety has become a real concern in the present world. In most of the cases, women have been suffering from HIV or AIDS. This is due to lesser opportunities of education regarding health issues, inequality of power in the sexual re lationships and the result of violence based on gender (Peacecorps.gov, 2017). In many of the developing countries, women have little access to services related to prenatal and newborn care. There is a much lesser percentage of women who have access to political and economic empowerment. Despite the world population of women being more than half of the total population, the wealth owned by them is a meagre one percent of the total wealth of the world. The women are mostly involved in non-paid work in the households. They even lack the right to own property in some parts of the world. There are many underdeveloped countries where women lack the right to inherit or own property, they do not have access to earning their own money or obtaining credit from any source. Women across the world are subjected to discrimination at their workplaces in case of moving up in their concerned organizations. The participation of women in politics all over the world is required to maintain and achieve true democracy and equality on the terms of gender (Bexell, 2012). Women have always been the decision-makers who remain underrepresented both in the public and domestic affairs. The United Nations commission have outlined a powerful action set in order to help attain the set goals towards women empowerment and attaining global equality on global gender issues. The 60th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women will focus firmly on the implementation of the agreement. The key challenges that are to be addressed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are poverty, inequality and the change in climate. The goals of sustainable development that are undertaken can be achieved if the issue of gender equality and women empowerment are addressed. The issues that are to be looked into constitute the main issues of the women empowerment. It aims to equalize the number of men and women in the labor markets. This would, in turn, affect the global economy thereby increasing the annual global GDP by the year 2025 (Unwomen.org, 2017; UN, 2015). The presence of women at the peace forums increase the probability of a long lasting peace agreement by considerable measures. The women need to be educated in order to help in the increase of the mortality rate of the newborns. There has been commendable progress on the issues of gender inequality and women rights since the Beijing Conference but there still remains scope for improvement (Haack, 2014). The commission has also undertaken strategies to help eradicate violence against women. The commission has undertaken steps and implemented measures so as to end the violence that keeps affecting women at large. These violent activities also come with huge amounts of economic costs that the so ciety has to incur. Asia-Pacific region Asia-Pacific region is the region of the world that refers to the part of the world that is situated near the western part of the Pacific Ocean. This area varies in its size depending on the context based on which it is referred to. The region generally is inclusive of east, south and south Asia along with Oceania countries like Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia. Some other countries of the American coast of the eastern Pacific Ocean like Canada, Chile, Mexico, Peru, United States and Russia may also be referred to as inclusive of the region due to the inclusion of these countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The main issue that these region faces in terms of global inequality is the issue of progress on the terms of economy (Adb.org, 2017). Though the economies of the Asia-Pacific have experienced a rise in the per capita income and have reduced the extreme poverty issues to almost half of what it was (Adb.org, 2017; Park Mercado Jr, 2015). There are reports that suggest that the gap between the rich and poor have increased in many economies thereby worsening the situations. There are countries that include population with lowest the shares of the total national income or consumption belonged to the poorest sections of people (Eastasiaforum.org. 2017; Coady Gupta, 2012). These countries have high Gini coefficients, a measure for inequality, like the Peoples Republic of China (Adb.org, 2017; Woo Sung, 2013). There has been observed a reduction in poverty, rates of mortality of children under five years, and in the average schooling years. There has been a decrement in the child mortali ty rate, though the reduction in the number of children that are underweight is yet to be witnessed. Studies suggest that the number of people under the poverty level have been over the number of total employed people in the country. Conclusion Thus, from the above report, it may be suggested that in order to attain global equality, many more hurdles are to be overcome. The issues that need much attention are the issues regarding women empowerment and gender equality. It may sound to be a Utopian concept but global equality is attainable if all the nations of the world come together to address the causes that prove to be hindrances to the attainment of equality in the world. The world will comprise of people from different races and cultures and in order to make living sustainable in this world, the diversifications have to be maintained. Developments and changes in the various regions of conflict may be brought about but not by compromising on the issues that deem a certain number of people to be separate from the rest of the world on the basis of their gender or race or religion. References Adb.org. (2017).Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know.Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.adb.org/features/inequality-asia-and-pacific-region-12-things-know Adb.org. (2017).Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators 2013: Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific Special Supplement.Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.adb.org/publications/framework-inclusive-growth-indicators-2013-key-indicators-asia-and-pacific Adb.org. (2017).Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013.Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and-pacific-2013?ref=data/publications Bexell, M. (2012). Global governance, gains and gender: UNbusiness partnerships for women's empowerment.International Feminist Journal of Politics,14(3), 389-407. Coady, D., Gupta, M. S. (2012). Income inequality and fiscal policy. International Monetary Fund. Eastasiaforum.org. (2017).Inequality in Asia: the case for inclusive growth.East Asia Forum. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/07/22/inequality-in-asia-the-case-for-inclusive-growth/ Haack, K. (2014). Breaking barriers? Women's representation and leadership at the United Nations.Global Governance,20(1), 37-54. Kanbur, R. (2014). Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, drivers, and policy implications. Routledge. Park, C. Y., Mercado Jr, R. V. (2015). Financial inclusion, poverty, and income inequality in developing Asia. Peacecorps.gov. (2017).Www.peacecorps.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from .https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment/ UN, G. A. (2015).Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. A/RES/70/1, 21 October. Un.org. (2017).Policy - United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.Un.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/policy/index.shtml Un.org. (2017).WomenWatch: Directory of UN Resources on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women.Un.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.un.org/womenwatch/directory/programmes_funds_1002.htm Un.org. (2017).www.un.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5_Why-it-Matters_GenderEquality_2p.pdf Unwomen.org. (2017).Press release: Implementation of 2030 Agenda to be the focus at single largest forum on women and girls.UN Women. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/3/press-release-csw60 Woo, W. T., Song, L. (2013). China's dilemma: economic growth, the environment and climate change (p. 428). ANU Press.

Sr.Pablo free essay sample

Dell’s Working Capital B. B. Chakrabarti Professor of Finance IIM Calcutta The Questions ? How was Dell’s working capital policy a competitive advantage? ? How did Dell fund its 52% growth in 1996? The Questions ? Assuming Dell sales will grow 50% in 1997, how might the company fund this growth internally? How much would working capital need to be reduced and / or profit margin increased? What steps do you recommend the company take? How would your answer to the above question change if Dell also repurchased $500 million of common stock in 1997 and repaid the long-term debt? ? Dell’s Competitive Advantage 1) Conservation of capital due to lower inventory holding Compaq Dell DSI in 95 73 32 Cost of sales of Dell in 95 = $2737 mn. (Ex. 4) Additional inventory at Compaq’s DSI = $2737 * (73-32) / 360 = $312 million Dell’s Competitive Advantage 2) Reduced obsolescence risk and lower inventory cost ? Component cost can reduce by 30% a year as new technology is introduced. ? Inventory as % of COS – Dell (8. We will write a custom essay sample on Sr.Pablo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9%) and Compaq (20. 3%) ? Inventory loss due to 30% reduction in price – Dell (2. 7%) and Compaq (6. 1% of COS) ? Comparative increase in profit in Dell in 96 = $2. billion *(6. 1%-2. 7%) = $93 million Dell’s Competitive Advantage 3) Quicker adoption of new technology ? Dell’s low inventory levels resulted in fewer obsolete components as technology changed. ? While Compaq had to market both new and older systems due to high levels of inventory, Dell could offer new and faster systems quickly due to low inventory and build-to-order models. Funding 52% Growth in 1996 Facts to consider ? 95- Total assets = 46% of sales ? 95- ST investments = 14% of sales ? 95- Operating assets = 32% of sales ? 95- Net profit = 4. 3% of sales ? 6- Dell would require 32% of increased sales in operating assets i. e. $(5296-3475)*32% = $582 million. Funding 52% Growth in 1996 Facts to consider ? 96- All assets excepting ST investments will grow at 52% over 95 figures ? 96- Assumed tha t the liabilities will also proportionally increase. ? 96- Need additional $582 million assets Funding 52% Growth in 1996 Facts to consider ? 96- Sources of funds: Increase in liabilities = $494 million Operational profit = $5296*4. 3% = $ 227 million ST investments = $484 million ? Enough available money for internal funding How Dell Funded 1996 Growth? Facts ? Higher asset efficiency Reduced cash, receivables, inventory and other current assets Needed addl. $447 million of operating assets How Dell Funded 1996 Growth? Facts ? Sources of funds Increase in current liabilities = $187 million Net Profit = $272 million How Dell Performed in 1996? ? Dell introduced Pentium technology. ? Unit sales grew by 48%. ? Average unit revenue grew by 3%. ? Gross margin declined by 1% due to aggressive pricing strategies and account mix shift. ? Net margin improved from 4. 3% to 5. 1% ? Common stock was issued to Funding 50% Growth in 1997 Facts to consider ? 96- Operating assets = 30% of sales ? 96- Net profit = 5. 1% of sales ? 97- Dell would require 30% of increased sales in operating assets i. e. $(2336-1557) = $779 million. Funding 50% Growth in 1997 Facts to consider ? 97- Increase in liabilities = $588 million ? 97- Net profit = 5. 1% of $5296*1. 5 = $405 million ? ST investments = $591 million av. ? So, internally growth can be funded. 97 with Repayment of LT Debt and Repurchase of $500 mn. Of Equity ? Funds needed = $984 million ? Sources of Funds: 1% increase in margin = $79 million ST investments = $591 million av. Also, negative cash conversion cycle can do ( 97- Avg. daily sales = 96 sales*1. 5/360 = $22. 1 mn. and Avg. daily COS = 79. 8% of sales as in 96 = $17. 6 mn. i. e. 44 days of sales or 65 days of COS. 96- CCC = 40 days) 97- Actual Cash Conversion Cycle QTR. 4 1996 Qtr. 4 1997 DSI DSO DPO CCC 31 42 33 40 13 37 54 -4 Diff. -18 -5 +21 -44 CCC = DSI + DSO -DPO Savings from WC Improvements Annual sa vings from: Reduced inventory = 18*17. 6 = $317 mn. Reduced Receivables = 5*22. 1=$110 mn. Increased Payables =21* 17. 6=$ 370 mn. Total savings = $797 mn. Actual 1997 ? Sales grew by 47%. CCC became – 44. ? Profit margin increased to 6. 6% from 5. 1%. ? Component prices decreased. Advantage over competitors. ? Dell applied JIT philosophy. Actual 1997 ? Operating assets increased by $199 million only. ? Total liabilities increased by $733 million even after repayment of LT debt. ? Dell obtained $279 million from put options. ? About $500 million equity repurchased. ? ST investments increased by $646 Actual 1997 Dell funded 1997 growth internally, repaid long-term debt and repurchased about $500 million in equity through a combination of working capital and margin improvements.

Free Essays on Animal Testing

Using animals for testing is wrong and should be banned. They have rights just as we do. Twenty-four hours a day humans are using defenseless animals for cruel and most often useless tests. The animals have no way of fighting back. This is why there should be new laws to protect them. These legislations also need to be enforced more regularly. Too many criminals get away with murder. Although most labs are run by private companies, often experiments are conducted by public organizations. The US government, Army and Air force in particular, has designed and carried out many animal experiments. The purposed experiments were engineered so that many animals would suffer and die without any certainty that this suffering and death would save a single life, or benefit humans in anyway at all; but the same can be said for tens of thousands of other experiments performed in the US each year. Limiting it to just experiments done on beagles, the following might sock most people: For instance, at the Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, experimenters forced sixty-four beagles to inhale radioactive Strontium 90 as part of a larger ^Fission Product Inhalation Program^ which began in 1961 and has been paid for by the US Atomic Energy Commission. In this experiment Twenty-five of the dogs eventually died. One of the deaths occurred during an epileptic seizure; another from a brain hemorrhage. Other dogs, before death, became feverish and anemic, lost their appetites, and had hemorrhages. The experimenters in their published report, compared their results with that of other experiments conducted at the University of Utah and the Argonne National Laboratory in which beagles were injected with Strontium 90. They concluded that the dose needed to produce ^early death^ in fifty percent of the sample group differed from test to test because the dogs injected with Strontium 90 retain more of the radio... Free Essays on Animal Testing Free Essays on Animal Testing Using animals for testing is wrong and should be banned. They have rights just as we do. Twenty-four hours a day humans are using defenseless animals for cruel and most often useless tests. The animals have no way of fighting back. This is why there should be new laws to protect them. These legislations also need to be enforced more regularly. Too many criminals get away with murder. Although most labs are run by private companies, often experiments are conducted by public organizations. The US government, Army and Air force in particular, has designed and carried out many animal experiments. The purposed experiments were engineered so that many animals would suffer and die without any certainty that this suffering and death would save a single life, or benefit humans in anyway at all; but the same can be said for tens of thousands of other experiments performed in the US each year. Limiting it to just experiments done on beagles, the following might sock most people: For instance, at the Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, experimenters forced sixty-four beagles to inhale radioactive Strontium 90 as part of a larger ^Fission Product Inhalation Program^ which began in 1961 and has been paid for by the US Atomic Energy Commission. In this experiment Twenty-five of the dogs eventually died. One of the deaths occurred during an epileptic seizure; another from a brain hemorrhage. Other dogs, before death, became feverish and anemic, lost their appetites, and had hemorrhages. The experimenters in their published report, compared their results with that of other experiments conducted at the University of Utah and the Argonne National Laboratory in which beagles were injected with Strontium 90. They concluded that the dose needed to produce ^early death^ in fifty percent of the sample group differed from test to test because the dogs injected with Strontium 90 retain more of the radio...

Soap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soap - Essay Example A particular symptom of GERD is heartburn. Other indications involve regurgitation, epigastric pain, hoarseness, wheezing, and coughing. *taken from Chandrasoma & DeMeester, 2006 Pathophysiology of HTN As indicated by pathophysiology of hypertension (HTN) research, high blood pressure could be categorized as either essential or secondary. The former, essential hypertension is a pressure increase because of unidentified clinical causes. While, secondary hypertension is a pressure increase because of some other primary health illnesses such as kidney problems, tumors, diabetes, etc. Chronic hypertension can lead to stroke, heart failure, heart diseases, heart attack, and other illnesses. *taken from Izzo, Sica & Black, 2007 Pathophysiology of DM The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is connected to insulin, which is a hormone produced by the pancreas’s beta cells. This hormone is in charge of sustaining glucose amount in the blood. It enables the cells to utilize glucose as t he primary source of energy. Yet, in a person suffering from diabetes, because of anomalous insulin metabolism, the body tissues and cells do not utilize glucose from the blood, leading to an increased glucose level in the blood or also called ‘hyperglycemia’. ... If a person has a low BMD, s/he has osteopenia. Developing osteopenia implies there is a higher risk that, over time, a person could have BMD that is quite lower than normal, referred to as ‘osteoporosis’. *taken from McIlwain, Cruse, Bruce, & McIlwain, 2004 Application of Advanced Nursing Practice Framework Three distinct methods of abdominal pain assessment may be determined from the evaluation, which are (1) the appearance of the patient (dependence on observation), (2) the gestures and statements of the patient (dependence on the expressions of the patient), and (3) the normal condition (dependence on typology). In evaluating the postoperative pain of the patient, the nurse should depend on one of these three methods to get attain the level and quality of the abdominal pain of the patient during assessment. When the nurse depends on ‘the appearance of the patient’ or observation, s/he will make use of information gathered concerning objective facts such as posture or movements, skin color, vital signs to get to abdominal pain assessment. In contrast, when the nurse depends on ‘the gestures and statements of the patient’ or expressions, the nurse will have to regard the patient’s statement and gesture as the appropriate information for the type and level of abdominal pain the patient is experiencing. The nurse depending on ‘the normal condition’ or typology should pay attention to the conditions and characteristics of diagnostic or special tests, the time since examination, or the characteristics of the patient like sex, age, etc. in identifying the kind of pain felt by the patient. *taken from Whyte, 1997 Application of Family Stress Theory Family stress theory offers a

Proposal purpose and hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal purpose and hypothesis - Essay Example Their costs are relatively afforded. Besides, the quality of such facilities in health care provision is laudable. This comes from the attention and close interaction that patients have. This is according to assertions fronted by Caruson and MacManus in 2007. Surgeon (2006) also highlights the benefit of the facilities in providing health care reforms. The medication provided by the care centers is incomparable to conventional ways. These are according to O’Carroll (2002). The rationale behind the study is that Patient Center Medical Homes is that it offers a quality and a less costly form of health care. In doing this, the facilities used must conform to the unique requirements of the patients admitted in such centers (Miller & Moore, 1999). Health care is a mundane aspect of human existence. It is through it that humanity seeks to address the health care problems that it faces. Over the years, humanity has sought advanced ways of handling its social as well as health issues. The advent of PCMH provides a suitable way of addressing the needs of individuals. Besides, it has a unique aspect since every patient is accorded special attention. Besides, it is cheap and costly. This is what forms the rationale behind the study. The following study would be a qualitative one. The frequency of medical conditions warranting care in such facilities will be the dependent variable in the study (Chatterjee & Hevner, 2010). The time taken by patients at the facility will be the independent variable. Caruson, K., & MacManus, S.S. (2007). Protecting vulnerable populations: local government   interactions with public & private agencies serving immobile citizens. Paper presented   at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, IL.  Chatterjee, S., & Hevner, A. (2010). Design Research in Information Systems: Theory and Practice. Berlin: Springer US. Spurgeon, K.,

Nursing Schizophernia in the UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Nursing Schizophernia in the UK - Assignment Example The key concept related to the two main parts of nursing I. e. Health promotion and disease prevention are individual care, promoting independence, self dependent and lifespan approach. The main questions related to nursing are how one individual does work; how to protect the health of the patients. Kulbok et.al. (2012) in their article mentioned the unique knowledge that a nurse needed to perform the work in the public health sector, community and also the importance of a good partnership the needed to effect care and treatment. Their article enlightened the historical perspective of both public health and community care from â€Å"sanitation and an infection control perspective toward challenging resources for the poor and underserved and now to its continued emphasis on participatory partnerships for effective intervention.†( Kulbok et.al, 2012). According to Burggarf (2012) transition in a core concept always play a major role and nurses are the integral part of it. Accord ing to him it is a passage between two relatively stable period of time with older patients diagnosed with dementia. Nurses play an important role in this phase to keep them mentally fit and healthy. In his article he also discussed about a patient navigation model for chronic disease which encapsulated into transformation for the health conceptual framework. This model was designed keeping in mind the behavioral changes and the concept of this model was based on the direct relationship between a patient and nurse. According to hi patient navigation , which was originally conceptualized on oncology , played a great role in the wider health care field including treatment of severe chronic diseases. (Burggarf, 2012) 2. Case study : Role of Nursing in Treatment of... Following is a summery of a case study   which is a clear indication about the fact that nurses are an integral part of the curative process for any person who is suffering from a chronic disease. Terry is a 26-year-old single female. She was a high school graduate and completed 1 year of college. She was born and bought up upper-middle-class family where academic and career success were extremely important as was their conservative Christian faith.   Terry was a good   hard working and self critical. After graduation,   Terry went out of state to college. In the first year of college, she received passing grades   but began to experience auditory hallucinations and delusions. She started to act in bizarrely and withdrew from people. At 18, she was hospitalized   1 month and dropped out of college. In the last   7 years was   hospitalized 12 tunes. There was no history of psychiatric illness in the family. Terry was discharged from a psychiatric hospital after 2 month s of inpatient treatment. Her diagnosis was schizophrenia, undifferentiated type, chronic. Her GAF at discharge was 30. She lived with her parents and was on SSI. Terry was referred by her nurse for ongoing psychotherapy as part of her discharge plan to help her adapt to the demands of community living and manage her illness. During her illness she was facing   auditory persecutory hallucinations and delusions as well as frequent cognitions such as "I'm no good,"I can't do anything." Behaviourally she was inactive, unable to work or live independently.

HRM Department of British Airways (BA)

HRM Department of British Airways (BA) The following paper seeks to identify the human resource management department of the British Air ways. It shows the key HR activities of the British airways with reference to the two models of human resource. Moreover, it also evaluates and analyses the various HR planning and development programs implemented by the British airways. Finally the paper concludes by highlighting how the human resource is indicated and monitored. The report based on a case study and the majority of the information is taken from the case study. SUMMARY In 19th century British Airways is the worlds largest international airline and one of the most successful organizations in the airline business. British Airways (BA) was created by the merger between BOAC and BEA in 1974. BA was not always been quite much successful. The company was going in loss and BA had serious difficulties retaining customers in a competitive international airline industry. In 1980 BA recorded significant losses and there was not much profit to meet the running expenses of the organization. As a matter of fact British Airways delayered their bureaucratic management staffs that were mostly Air force retired officers and replaced them by managers having experience in the service industry. For the achievement of success BA launched many programmes to come out of the organisations loss which changes the culture and environment of the company. These programmes were successful and many customers were attracted towards the airline, which resulted British Airways one o f the worlds leading airline. HRM ACTIVITIES Although the British airways are seen to have implemented numerous strategies to allow human resource development the following are the three key areas where development is most significantly seen. Training and development Reward management Performance appraisal TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT British Airways has decided a significant investment in training and development that would improve the organization image of Helpfulness. On the basis of research BA found out that customer are satisfied and dissatisfied with friendly and unfriendly, caring and uncaring behavior of staff. As a result of these research findings, BA faced the task of designing and facilitating a training programme that would enable a total change in values and attitudes across the organization, particularly for staff that were exposed to customer contact. BA arranges several training and development programme for both new and old staff. These programme made much change in the behavior of the staff and due to which many customers were attracted towards this airline. British Airline recruited more staff, provide training to the new and developed the old staff for their excellent customer service. it can be clearly identifies that implementing these training programs prove to be highly essential for the organization to attain this objective of increasing the goodwill that the British airways had from the side of the customers. These programs also prove important to improve the revenue and sought to reduce the overall cost that the organization had. (Dessler, 2008) However, at the same time it is also important to note the fact that the success that British airline was not only and solely due to an increasing employee training but there were several other factors which were also important and contributed to the increasing revenue levels. One of the factors included improved legal and government conditions along with technological changes.BA has encouraged individual learning by providing wide employee access to two major learning programs. The first program is based upon principles of open learning; it can finally lead to an MBA and provides a number of progressive stages and qualifications. The completion of each stage gives access to the next qualification. The MBA awarded by the University of Bath. The second program Top Flight provides a series of Academies which are a number of development steps, designed to allow an individual to progress to an executive position. REWARD MANAGEMENT British Airline was motivating people with good remuneration package and rewards. They moving towards individually determined remuneration as well as both intrinsic and extrinsic benefits. They were giving standardized pay and also individual performance pay. The main proportion of salaried staff earnings is based upon pay rates which are governed by a job evaluation grading system. There is also a company -wide performance related bonus scheme paid to all employees and there have been offers of free and discounted shares. BA has also introduced an opportunity for all employees to purchase tax free shares through a trust using their company performance bonus. BA pays standardized salary as well as individual performance pay. They know that if employees are satisfied they will give the best effort for the company success; employees are start thinking that they are the part of company. So, it is clear that through the training Development programme and good remuneration packages staffs provide the high quality customer services and would be more committed to the company. Employees are more committed toward company for their remuneration package and rewards. And they go ahead to achieve the organization goal. PERFORMANCE APPARASIAL Performance appraisal measures the qualitative and quantitative aspects of job performance. An appraisal evaluates not only the employees performance but also his potential for development. The primary objectives of an appraisal are to assess past performance, to identify training needs, to set and agree on future objectives and standards, and to facilitate the achievement of these goals. Individual employee development is a part of a broader concern that BA has developed for the individual employee .As a part of the overall concern with organization culture, BAs philosophy has focused much more attention upon individual performance and this has led to the induction of a companywide -appraisal scheme. The main purpose of this scheme was to improve the relationship between reward and performance and this has reflected in a linked element of performance related pay. British airway has introduced performance related payments. Thus the more efficiently each of the employees works, the more likely it is for the organization to pay the individual worker a certain amount of payments. Moreover, there have been numerous and increasing companywide appraisal schemes introduced by the organization. Thus the harder and more the employee works, the more likely is it for the employee to earn a greater reward in the organization. Moreover, the amount of employees receiving remunerations on an individual basis is increasing at a radical rate at the organization. For instance the administrative staff at the British airways has also started being paid on the basis of their performance. (Armstrong, 2007) HRM MODELS MACTHING MODEL HARVARD MODEL MATCHING MODEL This model states that the HR systems and the organisation structure should be managed in such a way that is similar with the organisational strategy. This is the hard HRM which is interested only in making money or profit. It focussed on individual and organisational performance and concentrates on managing human assets to achieve strategic goals. It explained that there is human resource cycle that consists of generic processes like organisational structure, mission and strategy, human resource management, selection, performance, appraisal, rewards and development. It is based upon strategic control, organisational structure systems for managing people. It requires that human resource strategies have a tight fit to overall of the business. Mission and strategy Economic forces Cultural forces Organizational structure Human resource management MISSION AND STRATEGY: Mission means the specific target that the company wants to reach and strategy is the way through the company can reach their target. The mission of British Airways is to be the best and most successful airline in the world and the strategy is by providing high quality of customer service through resource planning which could not be easily duplicated. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE: This means all the required things that needed to achieve the target. BA launched some programmes for their staff like putting people first, customer first campaign, managing people first, etc. They gave more powers to the line managers to take quick decisions and also break down bureaucracy. They also provide some learning programmes like MBA and series of academies for their staff. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: This is related to the recruitment of new staff. BA replaced some managers which were Air Force retired persons with the staff with analytical skills or the intellectual capacity rather than management experience in the service industries. HARVARD MODEL This model was developed by Beer et al in 1984. This is the soft model which aims at enhancing the commitment, quality and flexibility of employees. Soft model is also known as high commitment management. Here more responsibilities are given to the line managers for ensuring the alignment of competitive strategy and HR policies. This model is based upon individual influence, work systems, rewards and human resource flow; and concentrate upon outcomes for people. Its main components are work system, human resources flow, rewards, stakeholder interests, situational factors, HRM policies choices, HR outcomes, long term consequences. Stakeholder interests Shareholders Management Employee groups Government community unions HRM policy choices Employee influence Human resource flow Reward system Work system HR outcomes Commitment Competence cost-effectiveness Long-term consequences Individual well-being Organizational effectiveness Societal well-being Situational factors Workforce characteristics Business strategy and conditions Management philosophy Labor market Unions Task technology laws and societal values In Harvard model, extra powers and authorities are given to the line managers to fulfill organisations objective. This incorporate recruitment, selection, development and redundancy for the people in the organisation. Managers have to ensure putting right employee at right place and in right time. To motivate productivity, Harvard Model suggested some rewards system to the employees, which include pay, bonus, free and discounted share, holidays, health insurance, empowerment, etc. This model includes long term consequences which refer to individual well beings. These incorporate individual interest, organisational competencies, and the need of the society and community as a whole. In this model, stakeholders are those persons who have interest or shares in the organisation. Situational factor includes workforce, labour markets, union representation, laws, business environment, technology and work system; these issues lead to the HRM policy choices of employee influence. Work system r efers to the efficiency and productivity of work force to meet the organisational goal. For work to be done effectively, efficient communication channels and correct technology are needed. For this purpose, British Airways gave more powers and authorities to the line managers, so that there should not be any kind of delay and they can take quick decisions. HR Planning and Development Methods Firstly British Airline tends to recruit on the basis of analytical skill and intellectual capacity rather than management experience in a service industry. They are always tried to ensure that staff would provide a consistent high quality service to customers an achieving efficient flight operations. Many managers had also joined the company from Royal Air Force. They recruit the perfect person and place them on exact position. Secondly, British Airline setup several training programs for both new and old staff. Such as Customer First Campaign to meet the customer needs. Putting People First which was two day programme aimed at almost 20000 staff that had significant customer contact. This program was designed to persuade participants to examine their own existing values towards their passengers and where necessary to replace them with more helpful and supportive ones. Managing People first a one week residential training course. The programme was specifically designed to breakdown the bureaucracy. The bureaucracy had developed underlying values of order, rationality, dependability and system control. Finally British Airline pays good remuneration to employees and also gives both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. They plan to motivate people as well as make their assets. BA offers free and discounted shares. BA has also introduced a novel scheme which gives an opportunity for all employees to purchase tax-free shares through a trust using their company performance bonus. BA has encouraged individual learning by providing wide employee access to two major learning programs. The first program is based upon principles of open learning; it can finally lead to an MBA and provides a number of progressive stages and qualifications. The completion of each stage gives access to the next qualification. The MBA awarded by the University of Bath. The second program Top Flight provides a series of Academies which are a number of development steps, designed to allow an individual to progress to an executive position. Evaluation: British Airlines corporative objective is To be the best and most successful airline in the world. So to achieve this objective it makes huge investment on human resources. It recruits highly skill and intellectual people. BA replaces them with more helpful and supportive ones. It provides training on the basis of different skills. It developed employees as more customer friendly, knowledgeable and efficient. They form trade union for welfare or participation of line staff on strategic plan of the company. BA pays standardized salary as well as individual performance pay. They know that if employees are satisfied they will give the best effort for the company success; employees are start thinking that they are the part of company. So, it is clear that through the training Development programme and good remuneration packages staffs provide the high quality customer services and would be more committed to the company. And they go ahead to achieve the organization goal. HR Performances of British Airways In seventies BA performances were disappointing, When BA had serious difficulties retaining customer in competitive international airline industry. In 1980 BA recorded significant losses. Before 1990 BA found negative attitude from passengers in a research. Customers were dissatisfied with customer BAs customer services. For this reason BA redesign and restructure its Human Resources. BA makes huge investment on HR planning and HR performances. It setup many training and development program for line staffs and managers. It is hard to say how much impact the programme has had; it is commonly understood in training circles it is difficult to measure the value of training. However, British Airline believes that this programme has been successful, that a significant cultural change has been achieved at all levels of the organization, and that this cultural change has made a significant contribution to the steady improvement in the business performance. An extensive market research shown that customer have developed more positive attitudes towards service that they now receive as compared with the predominance of negative attitudes that were recorded in similar surveys conducted earlier in the 1990s. These satisfied customers must have an important factor in supporting BAs performance improve improvement. So its easily identified that with this HR planning and development, BA increases their HR performance that lead to the improvement of the organizations performance. On the other hand BA employees now more happy with remuneration and rewards. They are getting opportunities to learn through different training and qualification of MBA degree awarded by the University of Bath after competition of management training. They are getting basic pay as well as individual performance pay and scheme that benefited them more than the before. Through the trade union employees can participate on organization strategic decision. They can raise their voice against any critical issue of the company. That makes the employees happier. Employee turnover are less now than before .Employees are satisfied with their job description, responsibilities and working environment. Employees absenteeism is reduced significantly. They are now highly committed to the company success. Ways to improve HR performances It is very difficult to suggest BA. Because they are the worlds largest passenger airlines company in the world and they have many intellectual people for hunting innovation idea and planning every moment. In spite of this practical situation some ways of improvement are described below: British airlines significant development is that they made a small HR strategy and planning department with some specialist people in the UK. It can be suggesting that if they integrated more people with this department and also spread not only in Europe, but also other continents where they are earning more. As a result same cultural people will provide customer service to their own customers. They can easily share their feeling and fulfill the needs of customer. Employee would be happy to serve same people as like they are. British airline can run different talent hunt programme for recruit their best fitted people. They can go to the college and university and pick up the best student; those are very keen to learn and have creative ideas for the future excellent service both customer service and flight operation. BA can launch more training and development programme after certain time to compete with the competitors and updated technological knowledge. They have to push their employee towards extrinsic rewards to see happier. CONCLUSION Thus as highlighted by this paper, the British airways successfully manages the human resources department by an increasing amount of planning and organization. They also launched some learning programmes for the employees to do MBA and to reach at executive position. They mainly concentrated upon the improvement of delivering good customer service so that they can attract more customers and gain more profit; with this they want to become the worlds most successful airline. At the end, I can say that it is crucial to use both soft and hard HRM in order to meet the organisational business requirement and to remain worlds most successful airline.

Free Hamlet Essays: Complex Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Complex Hamlet There are many factors that lead Hamlet into putting himself in a difficult position. There are many incidents where it’s not Hamlet’s poor attitude that gets him in trouble, but his great ambition to uncover the truth. Once Hamlet discovers that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are spying on him, he never lets them out of his sight. Hamlet suspects that his mother, Gertrude, was an accomplice for the murder of his father. Polonius was slain by Hamlet who had mistaken him for Claudius. His pretense of madness drove Ophelia to her death. All of these incidents show that its Hamlet’s great ambition to uncover the truth that gets himself in difficult positions. Hamlet would not show mercy even when confronted by his best friends from his childhood. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were sent by the King and Queen to spy on Hamlet to discover the reason for his disturbing behavior. Hamlet isn’t fooled by their sudden arrival and gives them a chance to show their loyalty to him by admitting they were sent by the king. "That you must teach me. But let me conjure you by the.... be even and direct with me whether you were sent for or no." (II-ii.274-278) Hamlet is aware of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s alliance with the king. He sends them to England, replacing the letter that they carried with a forgery of the king’s seal stating that the bearers of the letter should be killed. He felt no guilt or remorse for the sudden loss of his two best friends. "They are not near my conscience; their defeat does by their own insinuation grow." (V-ii.58-59) Hamlet’s curiosity caused him to not only suspect his mother, but also kill poor Polonius. He believed Gertrude was an accomplice in the murder of his father.Hamlet has violent outbursts towards his mother. His anger increased as Gertrude misinterpreted the situation. She believed that she was in danger of being assaulted and therefore cries out for help. Hamlet, who was full of rage, runs his dagger through the arras and kills Polonius, mistaking him for Claudius. "O me, what hast tho done/Nay, I know not. Is it the king?" (III-iv.27-28) Hamlet's passion was furiously aroused, and his words to his mother grew increasingly bitter and sharp. His words acted like daggers that shattered Gertrude's peace of mind. "Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, stewed in corruption, honeying and making love over the nasty sty.

Why are some acts (like sex or killing) considered by others as clean and by some as unclean?

Based on human history, it can be observed that sex and aggression have become very normal part of human life. Procreation involves sex with the objective of creating another life and to continue the existence of men (Casad 1). It is also seen as an act of pleasure and a way of showing affection. However, the sexual act done within particular context will be considered unacceptable or even unclean. Based on the theories of Sigmund Freud, sex and aggression is embedded in the nature of man (Stafford-Clark 1973). In this manner, the notion of killing also becomes a vital part of human nature.Although we are aware that death is the ultimate end of the physical body, death because of killing stirs up moral issues. In these regard, it is very important to ponder on the true nature of sex and aggression. Prostitution is considered one of the longest running professions in the world (Liberator 2005). However, it is also considered one of the main problems of society wherein people of both s exes and all ages are involved and exploited. The fact that these people are exploited and exposed in different kinds of diseases and other problems causes it to be considered unclean.Mary Douglas (1966) also points out the exchange of sexual fluid during intercourse wherein she says â€Å"each sex is a danger to the other through contact with sexual fluids†. In this regard, we are aware that direct sexual contact may pose great harm to the health through sexually transmitted diseases, making it what Douglas calls bodily pollution. In the context of prostitution, sex is also considered unclean because there are no emotional ties between the sex provider and the patron. Also in this case, sex becomes the service being traded for money.Based on the question raised regarding cleanliness, it is said that there is still the clean notion of sex. This is if sexual acts are done within the bond of matrimony or other emotional commitment. In this context, there is the involvement of l ove and the goal of procreation which makes the act clean. Because the sexual union of male and female becomes a â€Å"collaboration and distinctiveness of social units† the act becomes cleaner. Also, this suggests that physical sex is considered less clean than emotional sex or sex done for procreation.Deviation from the normal notion of sex is also considered unclean like people vowed to celibacy suddenly involves in a sexual act or people having extramarital affairs. Animals are known to kill for survival while man also kills for fun (Kemp 1997). Aggression as a part of human nature is also considered a mode for survival. Killing for survival has been a source of the notion of uncleanness. Douglas (1966, 16) quotes â€Å"the ideas of survivals are used to account for irrational rules of uncleanness†.This suggests that other than the fact that killing is morally unclean the savage use of killing for survival is also considered unclean. In the primitive context, Dougl as notes that there is â€Å"no clear distinction between sanctity and uncleanness† (Douglas 1966, 9). This is true for other later acts of killing for sacrifices or other divine purposes. In the present context, although there are still some isolated cases of killing for sacrificial offerings for their divine Gods, killing is just considered immoral and unclean.At this point, it can be considered that there is a clear realization of the disparity between holiness and impurity. This is also considered true because the primitive purpose of killing for religion is slowly fading. Usual reasons for killing and aggression have been rooted on man’s self-centeredness, personal objectives and goals. The two sections on sex and aggression show the other half of Douglas compounding of dirt â€Å"care for hygiene and respect for conventions† (Douglas 1966, 8). Although not explicitly stated in the text, there is always the inclusion of the issue of morality especially if s een in today’s context.

People With Disabilities In New Zealand Social Work Essay Essay Example

People With Disabilities In New Zealand Social Work Essay Essay Example People With Disabilities In New Zealand Social Work Essay Essay People With Disabilities In New Zealand Social Work Essay Essay -Containing the figure of people with disablements in New Zealand and fiscal support to a lower limit were in the Government policy. -According to TheA Lunatics Ordinance 1846, from 1854, people with unsafe insane or unsound head was supposed to be felons and sent to prison for the intent of guaranting safety and attention for them. -The Law did non promote people with disablements from shacking in New Zealand.According toTheA Imbecile Passengers Act 1882, the ship that discharged lunatic, crackbrained, deaf, dumb, blind or infirm peoplewho could go the fee for charitable organisations or any individual, the responsible people for it were required to pay a bond. -According to TheA Immigration Restriction Act 1899, Prohibited immigrants list includes A imbecile or insane people as people with infective diseases. Good familial preservation policy by taking hapless wellness features or spirit became really popular in the nineteenth century. Harmonizing to the thought of natural choice for these people, those with less desirable features were prevented from holding children.they were removed from society by seting in purpose reinforced establishments. Towards the terminal of the nineteenth century, people with rational disablement were admitted to establishments old reserved for people with mental unwellness. Men and adult females were unbroken separate purely so that they could non hold kids. The first school for deaf kids in New Zealand opened in 1880. 1900s -There was a inclination to cut down household size by societal trust on racialist addition it becomes reflected in the authorities s societal policies on handicapped people. -Mechanisms for kids with disablements were taken into history. Particularly kids with mental disablements. People of unsound head, individuals mentally infirm, imbeciles, idiots, the lame minded and epileptics were differentiated by The Mental Defectives Act 1911. The Committee of Inquiry into Mental Defectives and Sexual Offenders of 1924-1925 expressed that the action of forestalling multiplied debasement in New Zealand population is necessary due to concerns about kids with rational disablements. The end was to increase the elements of the religious and physical strength and morality of the state. Education and wellness services did non include kids with particular demands due to sorting and showing of kids. Advanced engineering along with the development of medical cognition made intervention instead than the community integrating of people with disablements. -In 1924, a legistration was introduced for the benefits of those who were non able to work for good and those with impermanent unwellness. In which, pension benefits were given to blind people. In 1929, Templeton Farm in Christchurch was opened for high-grade idiots and low-grade feeble-minded instances without psychotic complications , under the disposal of the mental wellness system. The demand for better services to retrieve physically and mentally for handicapped people was emphasized after the return of soldiers from the universe wars. Harmonizing to the Disabled Persons Employment Promotion Act 1960, working conditions as required in general workplaces were exempted from implementing in the workplace of people with disablements. During the 1950s and 1960s, disabled people s kids were concerned in happening the appropriate instruction establishments. From the 1970s, the authorities s attack to services for handicapped people became more community and rights based. Harmonizing to A theA Accident Compensation Act 1972, support was provided for those who were impaired from the injury of accidents. Harmonizing to The Disabled Persons Community Welfare Act 1975, it gave people with disablements who who were non ACC claimants the entree to back up services. At the same clip it helped them remain in the community. -According to The Industrial Relations Act 1973, workers with disablements had the chance to take part in the labour market and received the appropriate pay for their productiveness. Fostering the International Year of the Disabled in 1981, a series of positive actions had been taking topographic point, the jobs of people with disablements that neer happened or were due attending in the past, such as the formation of organisations for people with disablements to talk and work for themselves. The move off from institutionalized adjustment for handicapped people continued during the 1980s ( besides known as deinstitutionalisation ) . At the same clip authorities support for community-based services increased. This was reinforced by an amendment to the Education Act enabling the mainstreaming of handicapped kids into a normal school environment. 1990s, support services for handicapped people moved from public assistance bureaus to the regional wellness authorization provided by the province to cut down societal barriers for people with disablements. Supports 1890s the charitable administrations and the households were the chief beginning of support for people with disablements non the taxpayers in society. 1860s, organisations where supported for orphans, individual female parents and the destitute elderly, besides included handicapped people in support. 1900sA the CCS in 1935 and IHC in 1949 1970s, authorities financess were progressively channelled into constructing little residential installations to function disable people. During 1950s and 1960s, there were twenty-four hours attention centre, occupational groups and residential lodging support service for people with disablements. A the precursor of the Royal NZ Foundation of the Blind in 1890. 1981. There was a pan-disability organisation for handicapped people. the Association of the Friends of the Blind in 1889 1990s, there were Regional Health Authorities for handicapped people. ( office for disablement issues ( n.d. ) .A Disability in New Zealand: A altering perspective.A Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.odi.govt.nz/resources/guides-and-toolkits/disability-perspective ) 2.2 Define nomenclature Language reflects the societal context in which it is developed and used. It hence reflects the values and attitudes of that context, and plays an of import function in reenforcing values and attitudes that lead to favoritism and segregation of peculiar groups in society. Language can hence be used as a powerful tool to ease alteration and convey approximately new values, attitudes and societal integrating ( Goverment, W. C. ( n.d. ) .A Disability Definitions, Models and Terminology.A Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.westerncape.gov.za ) There was a negative nomenclature towards people with disablement in New Zealand: people labeled people with disablement as insane , patient , handicap , special lunatic , idiotic defective and so on. Indentify attitudes Peoples with disablement were thought to be different, weaker and less value in the community. They were besides supposed to be objects of commiseration and charitable organisations. In add-on, people thought that there was no such desire every bit good as the emotional demands as other people and the state of affairs of people with disablements was a shame. Stereotypes Physiological: people are excessively focused on the physical disablement of a individual, regarded it as the differences and opposite to qualities and attributes that a individual may have.for illustration, a talker with no weaponries and legs are ever mentioned about his disablement before stating that he is a talker. Emotional and moral: moral and emotional qualities of people with disablement are evaluated differently.for illustration: if they are successful they will be called as a superhero or they do non hold the same scope of emotion with others. Comparative: the words sepecial might be used to mention to people with disablement and normal to people without damage. ( wellness and disablement commissioner ( n.d. ) .A Making communicating easy Useful tips to do it easy to pass on efficaciously with people with impairments.A Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hdc.org.nz ) Barriers: Access deficiency of just entree to chances, information, edifices, conveyance, services, for illustration: many public prints are excessively little to read ; screen-reading package is non provided on many web sites ; many handicapped people find it hard to mobile in countries where aisles or entrywaies are excessively narrow to suit a wheelchair or scooter and so on. Discrimination and/or attitudinal bias and ignorance: deficiency of a convenient agreement for people with disablement and know aparting against them are consequences of this. For illustration: there are policies and Torahs to forestall people with disablements shacking in an country or immigrating to a state ; policy non to engage people with disablements. In add-on, there is the deficiency of concern for the engagement of people with disablements such as traffic signal does non sound to signal for people with vision damage. Economic and societal position: a barbarous rhythm of lower economic, instruction and wellness position compared to the remainder of the population. The fact indicates that people with disablements have lower educational attainment and income rates compared with the general population. Therefore, people with disablements have less opportunity to better their economic position, as a low profile is non recognized by the society, it is progressively marginalized. In add-on, wellness jobs overall of people with disablements have a higher rate compared with the general population. In decision, the rhythm is expressed as handicapped people with low degree of economic and hapless wellness are non able to take part to the full in societal activities, it leads to societal isolation, deficiency of relationships with society relevant to societal attention demands, it easy leads to wellness jobs and troubles in working to better economic. 2.3 Service proviso 1980s Residential services: it was ordinary focused on traveling people into group place in the community but had progressively focused on back uping people with disablement in their ain places. 1990s Medical and allied wellness services: it was an unfastened market of wellness attention and medical services. It included four responsible regional wellness governments of buying services and supports. Housing: lodging was provided for low-income people including those with disablements. Needs Assessment Service Coordination Care Support for people with disablements Respite and Carer Supports Care supports in instruction for kids with disablements Pre-school for kids with disablements Elder attention supports for people with disablements Conveyance to Disability Services Day A ; Employment services Supports to independent life Access models: The bulk of disablement support services are accessed through aA Needs Assessment Service Coordination ( NASC ) A service. A NASC plays a important function in organizing the effectual use of disablement support services in their part. Disability Services contracts with organisations to supply this service. A NASC service will find a individual s eligibility for funded disablement support services and work with a individual and their family/whanau/aiga/carer to place their support demands, and what resources, supports and services are available, to run into these demands. A NASC will place which disablement support services are funded by Disability Services and apportion support for a individual to entree these services.A Duties for peculiar groups of handicapped people Duties for peculiar groups of handicapped people can be summarised as follows: aˆ? Ministry of Health financess supports for people with long-run physical, centripetal and/or rational disablements who are chiefly aged under 65 aˆ? District Health Boards ( DHBs ) fund support for people with psychiatric disablements, people aged 65 and over disabled by ageing, people with support demands expected to last less than six months, or those aged 50-64 old ages whose demands are mostly similar to older people aˆ? Accident Compensation Corporation ( ACC ) financess support for people disabled by accident. ( ACC is discussed farther below ) Duties for back uping peculiar facets of people s lives Duties for back uping peculiar facets of people s lives can be summarised as follows: aˆ? Ministry of Social Development focuses on back uping disability-related income, vocational and employment demand aˆ? Ministry of Education focal points on back uping disability-related instruction demand aˆ? Ministry of Health and DHBs tend to concentrate on support for day-to-day life Ministry of Health ( MoH ) , Disability Supports Services In New Zealand most of the daily concern of the wellness and disablement system, and around three quarters of support, is administered by DHBs. DHBs program, manage, provide and purchase services for their territory populations, including primary attention, public wellness services, and disablement support services for older people, those with psychiatric-related disablement and impermanent needs non expected to last longer than six months. The Ministry of Health has a scope of functions, including proviso of centralized support for a figure of national services which includes some disablement support and public wellness services. ( options, s. ( n.d. ) .A DISABILITY SUPPORT SERVICES.A Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //supportoptions.co.nz )

Great Expectations 2 endings essays

Great Expectations 2 endings essays Great Expectations by Charles Dickens was a novel which has two different endings. Dickens wrote an original version for an ending, but changed it by the request of friends. Both endings involve the same characters Pip and Estella meeting after many years had passed in their lives. The first ending is bitter and dark Pip and Estella meet awkwardly and part, never to see each other again. The second ending, on the other hand, is more hopeful and forgiving Pip and Estella meet, and Pip saw no shadow of another parting from her. (Page 451) However, the new ending does not fit it with the book completely. Through the novel, Estella torments Pip, and constantly ends up ruining his life The entire novel was about Pip growing up as a gentleman, which includes his childish lust for Estella. Therefore, in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, the original ending ties in with the story more, and is the better choice. The novel Great Expectations was all about Pip growing up as a gentleman, and leaving his childish desires behind. Estella was really a childish desire for him although he did love her later in his life, his desires began at childhood. If order for Pip to fully grow up, he must have left Estella in the past, and concentrated on his own life and future. The second ending, however, does just the opposite it has Pip and Estella meet and become friends, which shows that no matter how hard tries to give this desire up, he is never mature enough to do so. In the original ending, however, lets the two characters part, and Pip reaches an understanding that Estella had only caused him pain in the past. The original ending is able to accomplish one of the morals of the novel what you do to others will eventually come back to you - by having Estella suffer like Pip did. The original ending Pip says ...in her face and in her voice, and in her touch, she gave me the ...